The effect of salt usage behavior on sodium intake and excretion among Korean women

This study was done to explore the effect of Korean women's salt usage behavior on their sodium intake and excretion according to aging. Dietary sodium intake and salt usage behavior were analyzed to compare the difference between young and middle-aged women. One hundred fifty six young women and 77 middle-aged women without hypertension or any current medication were recruited. Body mass index, waist hip ratio, blood pressure were measured from each subject. Salt usage behaviors were surveyed with questionnaire, sodium intake with 24-hr recall method, and sodium excretion with spot urine. Middle-aged women were more obese than young women according to body mass index and waist hip ratio. Blood pressure was significantly higher for the middle-aged. Young women consumed more fats and middle-aged women more carbohydrates. Middle-aged women consumed more sodium and potassium, and excreted more sodium. Among questionnaire items, kimchi, soup or pot stew, or salted vegetables were found to be related with high sodium diet. Salted vegetables and salted nuts and potato chips were significantly correlated with young women's high sodium diet, while soy sauce on fried food, kimchi, salted vegetables accounted for middle-aged women's high sodium diet. With these results, we concluded that middle-aged women consumed more carbohydrates, less fat, and more sodium and potassium than young women. Middle-aged women frequently choose kimchi, soup or pot stew, or salted vegetables, and they contribute to high sodium intake. We recommend to choose low-salt kimchi, less soup or pot stew, and more fresh vegetables for lower sodium diet.

Bone Mineral Density and Factors Affecting in Female College Students / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study was performed to assess the relationships among bone mineral density, dietary habits, life styles and anthropometric measurements in young women. Subjects included 229 female college students in Seoul and Kyunggi province. METHOD: The subjects were asked about dietary habits and life styles using questionnaire. A sampel of 229 young women was assessed anthropometric measurements and bone mineral density on calcaneous using quantitative ultrasound. RESULT: The percentages of the osteoporosis (T-score or =-1.0) groups were 1.75%, 13.53% and 84.71%, respectively. Weight, soft lean mass, and BMI were positively related with T-score and Z-score. But height was negative related with SOS (Speed of sounds). CONCLUSION: This study confirmed that one of the most effective ways to minimize bone mineral density less in young women is to maintain an adequate body weight, soft lean mass, and BMI. And the young women were recommended do not one-side eating, daily intakes of milk products, perform daily physical exercise, and do not drink coke or soft drinks for the bone health.

A Survey of Food and Nutrient Intakes in Female College Students / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: The study was done to investigate Food and Nutrient Intakes of female college students and define differences between teen-age groups and women in their twenties. METHOD: The subjects of this study were 821 female college students. They were eighteen to twenty nine years old. Nutrient intakes were measured by the Moon, S. J. Scale (1980). Data was collected from June 13 to June, 27. Data was analyzed with the SPSS program by Chi-test, t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULT: Female college students' mean intake of calories, protein, fat, and carbohydrates were 1560.7+/-367.71kcal, 62.0+/-19.03g, 33.1+/-9.85g, and 253.7+/-57.52g respectively. Their mean intake of calcium, phosphorus and iron were 592.9+/-221.82mg, 918.2+/-284.24mg and 13.7+/-4.50mg respectively. Intake of calories, calcium, iron and vitamine B1 were below their Percent of Recommended Intake. Nutrient intakes showed a significant difference between age groups. Teen-age female college students had more nutrient intakes than the women in their twenties. In addition, there was a difference in food consumption behaviors between the teen-age group and the twenty-something group. CONCLUSION: The nutrient intake of female college students changed by age. Many teen-age female college students ate breakfast well, thus their intake of calories, protein, fat, carbohydrates, minerals such as calcium, phosporus and vitamins was significantly higher than the over twenty years old students. Teen-age female college students like fruits and sugars but over twenty years college students preferred coffee. This study can be useful in directing a dietary consumption status of women to improve nutritional health.