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ABSTRACT Objective. To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples collected between 2018 and 2021 in Colombia. Methods. This was a laboratory-based cross-sectional study using routine data from the program for inspection, surveillance, and control of animal feed at the Colombian Agriculture Institute. Samples of animal feed for swine, poultry, canine, feline, leporine, piscine, and equine species were processed for detection of E. coli and Salmonella spp. using enrichment and selective culture methods. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using an automated microdilution method. Results. Of 1 748 animal feed samples analyzed, 83 (4.7%) were positive for E. coli and 66 (3.8%) for Salmonella spp. The presence of E. coli and Salmonella spp. was highest in feed for poultry (6.4% and 5.5%) and swine (6.1% and 4.3%). Antimicrobial resistance testing was performed in 27 (33%) E. coli isolates and 26 (39%) Salmonella isolates. Among E. coli, resistance was most frequently observed to ampicillin (44.5%) followed by cefazolin (33.3%), ciprofloxacin (29.6%), ampicillin/sulbactam (26%), and ceftriaxone (11.1%). The highest resistance levels in Salmonella spp. isolates were against cefazolin (7.7%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (7.7%). Conclusions. This is the first study from Colombia reporting on the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli and Salmonella spp. in animal feed samples. Its results establish a baseline over a wide geographical distribution in Colombia. It highlights the need to integrate antimicrobial resistance surveillance in animal feed due to the emergence of resistant bacteria in this important stage of the supply chain.
RESUMEN Objetivo. Determinar la prevalencia y resistencia a los antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de piensos para animales tomadas entre el 2018 y el 2021 en Colombia. Métodos. Se trata de un estudio transversal realizado en el laboratorio a partir de los datos regulares del programa de inspección, vigilancia y control de alimentos para animales del Instituto Colombiano Agropecuario. Se procesaron muestras de alimentos utilizados en la cría de cerdos, aves de corral, cánidos, félidos, lepóridos, peces y equinos con el fin de detectar E. coli y Salmonella spp. por medio de métodos de enriquecimiento y cultivo selectivo. Se analizó la sensibilidad a los antimicrobianos de las cepas aisladas mediante microdilución automatizada. Resultados. De 1748 muestras de alimentos analizadas, 83 (4,7%) resultaron positivas para E. coli y 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. La presencia de E. coli y Salmonella spp. fue mayor en los alimentos para aves de corral (6,4% y 5,5%) y cerdos (6,1% y 4,3%). Se realizaron pruebas de resistencia a los antimicrobianos en 27 (33%) cepas de E. coli y 26 (39%) de Salmonella. En las cepas de E. coli, se observó una mayor resistencia a la ampicilina (44,5%), seguida de la resistencia a la cefazolina (33,3%), la ciprofloxacina (29,6%), la ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) y la ceftriaxona (11,1%). En el caso de las cepas de Salmonella spp., los niveles de resistencia más elevados fueron para la cefazolina (7,7%) y piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusiones. Este es el primer estudio realizado en Colombia en el que se informa sobre la prevalencia y la resistencia a los antimicrobianos de E. coli y Salmonella spp. en muestras de alimentos para animales. Sus resultados establecen una línea de base para una zona geográfica mucho mayor dentro de Colombia. Se subraya la necesidad de integrar la vigilancia de la resistencia a los antimicrobianos en los alimentos para animales debido a la aparición de bacterias resistentes en esta importante etapa de la cadena de suministro.
RESUMO Objetivo. Determinar a prevalência e a resistência a antimicrobianos de Escherichia coli e Salmonela spp. em amostras de ração animal coletadas entre 2018 e 2021 na Colômbia. Métodos. Estudo transversal de base laboratorial, usando dados de rotina do programa de inspeção, vigilância e controle de ração animal do Instituto Colombiano de Agricultura. Amostras de ração animal para as espécies suína, avícola, canina, felina, leporina, piscina e equina foram processadas para detecção de E. coli e Salmonella spp., usando métodos de enriquecimento e cultura seletiva. Os isolados foram testados quanto à suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos usando um método automatizado de microdiluição. Resultados. Das 1.748 amostras de ração animal analisadas, 83 (4,7%) foram positivas para E. coli e 66 (3,8%) para Salmonella spp. A presença de E. coli e Salmonella spp. foi maior em rações para aves (6,4% e 5,5%) e suínos (6,1% e 4,3%). O teste de resistência a antimicrobianos foi realizado em 27 (33%) isolados de E. coli e 26 (39%) isolados de Salmonella. Em E. coli, a resistência observada com maior frequência foi à ampicilina (44,5%), seguida da cefazolina (33,3%), ciprofloxacino (29,6%), ampicilina/sulbactam (26%) e ceftriaxona (11,1%). Os maiores níveis de resistência em isolados de Salmonella spp. foram contra cefazolina (7,7%) e piperacilina/tazobactam (7,7%). Conclusões. Este é o primeiro estudo da Colômbia a notificar a prevalência e resistência a antimicrobianos de E. coli e Salmonella spp. em amostras de ração animal. Os resultados estabelecem uma linha de base com ampla distribuição geográfica na Colômbia. Destaca-se a necessidade de integrar a vigilância da resistência a antimicrobianos na ração animal, devido ao surgimento de bactérias resistentes nesta importante etapa da cadeia de abastecimento.
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Driving is a complex task, requiring coordination between multiple mental and physical faculties. Distractions lead to delayed recognition of information needed to drive safely. It is essential to understand distracted driving practices to regulate them and reduce crash risk. This study aims to identify common distractors among professional vehicle drivers in South India. Methodology: A questionnaire-based cross-sectional study was conducted on professional drivers of three-and four-wheeled vehicles. Epicollect 5, a mobile-based data collection tool, was used for data collection and entry. Results: Among 82 male professional drivers (57.3% car, 35.4% bus/lorry), with a mean (standard deviation) age of 38.4 (10.6) years, all reported being distracted by at least one of the listed distractors. Mobile phone usage and cognitive distractions were reported by 75.6% and 79.3%, respectively. Younger drivers (P = 0.005) and those with less than a decade of driving experience (P = 0.038) were more likely to use mobiles while driving. Drivers reporting cognitive distractions were more likely to have met with an accident than those who did not (44.6% vs. 23.5%). Conclusions: Distracted driving is common among professional drivers. Cognitive distractions are as common as distractions due to mobile phones. Sensitization of drivers and strict enforcement of legislation are recommended.
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Background & objectives: Morbidity is self reported at a higher rate among the rich than the poor. However, objective measures suggest the contrary. We examined the role of epidemiological transition in wealth related inequalities in self-reported morbidity (SRM). Methods: We analyzed data of two states, Bihar and Kerala, from 60th Round of National Sample Survey (NSS). Bivariate analysis was performed to study the associations between various socio-demographic variables and self-reported morbidity. A prediction model based on hierarchical logistic regression was developed to identify determinants of self-reported morbidity. Results: In Bihar, acute morbidities (26 per 1000) were reported more often than chronic morbidities (19 per 1000) while in Kerala the reverse was true (89 acute and 123 chronic morbidities per 1000 person). In both the states, the rate of SRM showed an increasing trend from the poorest to the richest quintiles. The rising gradient in the odds of SRM across increasing socio-economic strata was more pronounced in Bihar [OR (richest)=2.52; 1.85-3.42] as compared to Kerala [OR (richest) =1.66; 1.37-2.0]. Moreover, this gradient was more on account of chronic diseases [OR (richest) =2.7; 1.8-4.0] for Bihar; [OR (richest) =1.6; 1.26-2.0 for Kerala] than the acute diseases [OR (richest) =1.82; 1.1-2.9 for Bihar]; [OR (richest) =1.4; 1.1-1.8 for Kerala]. Interpretation & conclusions: The present analysis shows that the epidemiologic transition results in higher prevalence and reporting of chronic ailments by the rich than the poor. This phenomenon is more evident in the early stages of transition. In later stages of transition, positional objectivity plays an important role to explain wealth related inequalities in SRM.