The Efficacy and Safety of a Human Perirenal Adipose TissueDerived Stromal Vascular Fraction in an Interstitial Cystitis Rat Model

BACKGROUND@#Interstitial cystitis (IC) is a chronic and intractable disease that can severely deteriorate patients’ quality of life. Recently, stem cell therapy has been introduced as a promising alternative treatment for IC in animal models. We aimed to verify the efficacy and safety of the human perirenal adipose tissue-derived stromal vascular fraction (SVF) in an IC rat model. @*METHODS@#From eight-week-old female rats, an IC rat model was established by subcutaneous injection of 200 lg of uroplakin3A. The SVF was injected into the bladder submucosal layer of IC rats, and pain scale analysis, awakening cytometry, and histological and gene analyses of the bladder were performed. For the in vivo safety analysis, genomic DNA purification and histological analysis were also performed to check tumorigenicity and thrombus formation. @*RESULTS@#The mean pain scores in the SVF 20 ll group were significantly lower on days 7 and 14 than those in the control group, and bladder intercontraction intervals were significantly improved in the SVF groups in a dose-dependent manner. Regeneration of the bladder epithelium, basement membrane, and lamina propria was observed in the SVF group.In the SVF groups, however, bladder fibrosis and the expression of inflammatory markers were not significantly improved compared to those in the control group. @*CONCLUSION@#This study demonstrated that a perirenal adipose tissue-derived SVF is a promising alternative for the management of IC in terms of improving bladder pain and overactivity.

Diagnostic accuracy of urinary biomarkers in infants younger than 3 months with urinary tract infection / 소아과

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of urinary biomarkers, such as neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (uNGAL) and β-2 microglobulin (uB2MG), in early detection of urinary tract infection (UTI) in infants aged < 3 months with fever. METHODS: A total of 422 infants aged < 3 months (male:female=267:155; mean age, 56.4 days), who were admitted for fever, were retrospectively included in this study. We compared uNGAL and uB2MG between the UTI and non-UTI groups at the time of admission. The sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, and area under the curve (AUC) of uNGAL and uB2MG for use in diagnosing UTI were assessed. RESULTS: Among 422 patients, 102 (24.2%) were diagnosed with UTI. Levels of uNGAL were higher in the UTI group than in the non-UTI group (366.6 ng/mL vs. 26.9 ng/mL, P < 0.001). Levels of uB2MG were not different between the 2 groups. Multivariate analysis revealed that uNGAL was an independent predictive factor for UTI (P=0.033). The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 90.2%, 92.5%, and 91.9% for uNGAL, and 48.0%, 43.8%, and 44.8% for uB2MG, respectively. AUC of uNGAL was 0.942 and that of uB2MG was 0.407. CONCLUSION: Accuracy of uNGAL in the diagnosis of UTI is high in febrile infants aged < 3 months. uNGAL can help in the early diagnosis and treatment of UTI in infants.

Huge Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia / 계명의대학술지

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases in older men and it may be accompanied with significant problems in the quality of life. Histological changes of BPH is starting at the age of 35, and there is induced in 60% of 60-year-old men, 80% of 80-year-old men, in 50% of the patient group may lead to lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). A 74-year-old man with huge BPH visited outpatient clinic with severe LUTS of an year duration. He was diagnosed with BPH 11 years ago and underwent transurethral resection of prostate twice. However, the prostate grew up to remarkable size again, which lead to the bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) and renal failure. There is no report for huge BPH (above 300 g) in Korea, we report a case with huge prostate size that is measured 330 g and treated with suprapubic open prostatectomy.

Early Experience With Active Surveillance in Low-Risk Prostate Cancer Treated

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to describe our early experience with active surveillance (AS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 2008 and December 2012, 35 patients were treated with AS. Selection criteria included the following: Gleason score < or =6 with single positive core, clinical stage < or =T1c, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) < or =10 ng/mL, and unremarkable imaging results. On patient follow-up, we regularly measured PSA (every 3-6 months) and performed prostate biopsies (after 1 and 3 years). RESULTS: In the first year of follow-up, prostate biopsies were performed in 25 patients (13 patients, negative for cancer; 7 patients, Gleason score of 6 without progression; 5 patients, progression, treated with radical prostatectomy [RP]). In the third year of follow-up, prostate biopsies were performed in five patients (two patients, negative for cancer; one patient, Gleason score of 6 without progression; two patients, progression, treated with RP). Seven patients discontinued AS because of increased anxiety, and three patients were lost to follow-up. Overall, seven patients (28%) who experienced progression had a mean PSA doubling time (DT) of 7.54 years. Six patients had a PSA DT of more than 3 years, whereas one had a PSA DT of less than 3 years. This study was limited by its small sample size and short follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: PSA kinetics did not correlate with progression, which suggests that regular biopsies should still be performed. AS is an available treatment option for patients with a low risk of prostate cancer but should only be used in carefully selected patients.

Association of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Expression on the Prognosis and Therapeutic Response in Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma / 계명의대학술지

Recent studies of Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) expression and clinical significance in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have given rise to disagreements in the usefulness of CAIX as a prognostic factor. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between CAIX expression and clinical factors in RCC. The medical record of 172 RCC patients in hospital (from January 1999 and December 2007) were reviewed retrospectively. Patients were divided into a high expression group (109 cases) and low expression group (63 cases) according to their degree of CAIX expression. We evaluated the association between CAIX expression and age, body mass index (BMI), type of renal neoplasm, tumor stage, nuclear grade, metastasis after surgery and tumor-specific survival rate. The mean age of the high expression group and the low expression group were 56 years and 54 years respectively. The mean BMI of the high expression group and the low expression group were 24.2 kg/m2 and 24.5 kg/m2 respectively. Comparing the difference between clear cell RCC and non clear cell RCC, CAIX was significantly more expressed in clear cell RCC. There was no significant differences between high expression clear cell RCC and low expression clear cell RCC according to age, BMI, nuclear grade, metastasis after surgery and tumor-specific survival rate (p=0.237, p=0.802, p=0.382, p=0.551). However, in clear cell RCC, CAIX expression was significantly more expressed in patients with higher T or N stages (p=0.015, p=0.033). CAIX was significantly higher expressed in clear cell RCC and was significantly lower expressed in patients with higher T stage or N stage.

Relationship Between Spontaneous Passage Rates of Ureteral Stones Less Than 8 mm and Serum C-Reactive Protein Levels and Neutrophil Percentages

PURPOSE: A ureter obstruction caused by a ureteral stone results in inflammatory changes in the proximal submucosal layer and prevents the spontaneous passage of the ureteral stone. Accordingly, we analyzed the relationship between the spontaneous passage rates of ureteral stones less than 8 mm in size and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and neutrophil percentages. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 187 patients who were diagnosed with ureteral stones less than 8 mm in size and were managed consecutively at Keimyung University Dongsan Medical Center from January 2001 to January 2011 were retrospectively analyzed. Ureteral stone removal was defined as no ureteral stone shown in an imaging test without any treatment for 8 weeks after diagnosis. The patients were divided into three groups according to the levels of serum CRP and into two groups according to neutrophil percentage. The associations between these factors and ureteral stone passage rates were then examined. RESULTS: The ureteral stone passage rates of the low serum CRP level group, the medium serum CRP level group, and the high serum CRP level group were 94.1% (159/169), 70% (7/10), and 50.0% (4/8), respectively. The passage rates of ureteral stones in the group with a normal neutrophil percentage and in the group with a higher neutrophil percentage were 94.5% (121/128) and 83.1% (49/59), respectively (p=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: Measuring serum CRP levels and neutrophil percentages in patients with small ureteral stones of less than 8 mm is useful in predicting whether the stone will be spontaneously passed. When the serum CRP level and neutrophil percentage of a patient are high, aggressive treatment such as extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy should be considered.

Effect of Overexpression of Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 and Bcl-2 on Recurrence and Survival in Patients With Ureter Tumors

PURPOSE: The utility of the expression of glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78) in the evaluation of prognosis depends on the type of tumor. Hence, we aimed to examine the impact of expression of GRP78 and Bcl-2, which are used in the existing prognostic evaluation of ureter tumors, in the evaluation of recurrence and survival rates of ureter tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In 53 patients who had undergone radical nephroureterectomy for a ureter tumor from March 2002 to March 2012, age, sex, T stage, nuclear grade, bladder recurrence, and survival rate were analyzed at the time of the patient's surgery depending on the extent of immunohistochemical expression of GRP78 and Bcl-2. RESULTS: GRP78 was overexpressed in 25 patients (47.2%). When GRP78 was overexpressed, there was a high T stage (p=0.001) and nuclear grade (p=0.007) and a lot of bladder recurrence (40.0%, p=0.034). Bcl-2 was overexpressed in 16 patients (30.1%), and there were no significant associations with any risk factors (p>0.05, respectively). In the multivariate analysis regarding bladder recurrence, the recurrence rate was higher with higher pT stage (p=0.048) and when GRP78 (p=0.033) was overexpressed. In the Kaplan-Meier survival analysis, although the survival rate was significantly lower in the group in which GRP78 was overexpressed (p=0.03), there was no correlation between Bcl-2 overexpression and survival rate (p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with ureter tumors who had overexpression of GRP78 had a high T stage and nuclear grade, a lot of bladder recurrence, and a low survival rate. Therefore, if GRP78 is overexpressed in ureter tumor patients, active postoperative follow-up should be carried out.

Clinical Implications of the Expression of Survivin and p53 in Superficial Transitional Cell Carcinoma of the Bladder / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: The prognostic value of p53 remains controversial in transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. Survivin, an inhibitor of apoptosis, is expressed in many human cancers. Recent studies have reported increased expression of survivin in superficial transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. We investigated the expression of survivin and p53 and the clinical implications of this expression in superficial transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemical staining of paraffin sections using a monoclonal antibody for survivin and p53 was performed in 82 cases of superficial transitional cell carcinomas of the bladder. Correlations between the expression of survivin and p53 and clinicopathological features, such as age, multiplicity of tumor, size, recurrence, and progression, were examined. RESULTS: Among 82 cases, positive survivin expression (greater than 20%) was observed in 59 cases. Positive p53 expression (greater than 20%) was observed in 46 cases. There were no significant differences in age, gender, multiplicity, tumor size, tumor grade, pT stage, recurrence, or progression-free survival between p53-positive and p53-negative groups (p>0.05). Also, there were no significant differences in age, gender, multiplicity, tumor size, tumor grade, or pT stage between survivin-positive and survivin-negative groups (p>0.05). However, recurrent-free and progression-free survivals were significantly lower in the survivin-positive group than in the survivin-negative group (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of survivin can be recommended as a useful marker for predicting disease recurrence and progression. Survivin may be superior to p53 as a prognostic factor in superficial transitional cell carcinoma of bladder.

Relationship between Acute Urinary Retention and Intraprostatic Inflammation in Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: Acute or chronic prostatic inflammation exists to varying degrees in surgical specimens of prostates, extirpated for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia(BPH). We investigated the relationship between acute urinary retention(AUR) and intraprostatic inflammation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between January 1997 and December 2006, 221 patients underwent transurethral resection of the prostate(TURP) for the treatment of BPH. The patients were divided into 2 groups based on the indication for surgery; an AUR group and a lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) group. The area of acute inflammation, the extent, and the aggressiveness of chronic inflammation were classified into four grades. The grades of inflammation, prostate volume, age, serum prostate-specific antigen(PSA), and prior medical treatment were compared between the two groups. All specimens were reviewed by one pathologist. RESULTS: The AUR group consisted of 106(47.9%) patients, and the LUTS group consisted of 115(52.1%) patients. There were no statistical differences between the two groups with respect to the mean values of the age, prostate size, and severity of chronic inflammation. There was a significant relationship between AUR and the areas of acute inflammation, and the extent of chronic inflammation(p=0.014 and p=0.003, respectively). The aggressiveness of chronic inflammation had no relationship with AUR (p=0.062). The serum PSA level was higher in the AUR group than the LUTS group(11.5 vs. 5.3ng/ml, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The association for AUR with acute and chronic inflammation was stronger than that which existed with prostate size. Thus intraprostatic inflammation is an important risk factor in AUR.

Significance of the Nuclear Grade as a Prognostic Factor for Patients with Localized Renal Cell Carcinoma / 대한비뇨기과학회지

PURPOSE: As the number of patients with localized renal cell carcinoma has increased, there are conflicting reports on the nuclear grade as a prognostic factor. The aim of this study was to evaluate the significance of the nuclear grade as a prognostic factor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 172 patients with localized renal cell carcinoma and who underwent radical nephrectomy. The patients were staged according to the 1997 TNM stage and the Fuhrman grading. The survival rate was analyzed by the Kaplan-Meier method. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Cox proportional hazard model. RESULTS: The overall 1- , 5- and 10-year survival rates were 98.1, 72.5 and 68.4%, respectively. The 5-year survival rates for grades I, II, III and IV were 100, 92.6, 85.0 and 60.9%, respectively (p<0.0001). According to the Fuhrman grade in each T stage, 1) for patients with pT1b, the 5-year survival rates were 100, 85.0, 85.71 and 33.3% for patients with grade I, II, III and IV, respectively (p=0.002). 2) for patients with pT2, the 5-year survival rates were 100, 92.3, 60.0 and 25.0% for patients with grade I, II, III and IV, respectively (p<0.0001). A comparison of the survival curves by the Fuhrman grade showed a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: The Fuhrman grade is an important prognostic factor for patients with localized renal cell carcinoma. A high nuclear grade tends to have metastatic potential and a poor prognosis. This group of patients with a high nuclear grade must be followed up more closely. Determining the pathologic stage along with using the Fuhrman grade-based surveillance protocols are a logical approach to follow-up.