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Objective:To learn about the iodine nutritional status of children aged 8 to 10 years in Xiamen City after the reform of salt industry system, and to provide scientific basis for reasonable prevention and control of iodine deficiency disorders.Methods:From 2017 to 2019, 6 districts were selected each year in Xiamen City 5 sampling districts were divided according to the oriation of east, west, south, north and center in each district. One town (street, hereinafter refered as to town) was selected from each sampling district. One primary school was selected from each town. For each primary school, at least 40 non-boarding children aged 8 to 10 years (age balanced, half male and half female) were selected. Edible salt samples in the households and random urine samples of children aged 8 to 10 years were collected, and salt iodine and urinary iodine contents were measured, while thyroid volume was examined by B-ultrasound.Results:From 2017 to 2019, the coverage rate of iodized salt in Xiamen City was 97.34% (1 206/1 239), 96.89% (1 214/1 253), and 93.33% (1 175/1 259), respectively; the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 96.13% (1 191/1 239), 95.61% (1 198/1 253), and 91.58% (1 153/1 259), respectively; the median urinary iodine was 182.90, 182.81, 164.00 μg/L, respectively. The prevalence of goiter of boys and girls was 1.01% (19/1 889) and 2.26% (42/1 862), respectively.Conclusions:After the reform of salt industry system, the iodine nutritional status of children aged 8 to 10 years is generally at an appropriate level in Xiamen City. However, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt is reduced, which increases the risk of iodine deficiency for residents. Therefore, we should strengthen the propaganda of scientific iodine supplement, maintain a high consumption rate of qualified iodized salt, and prevent the harm of iodine deficiency.
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Objective:To investigate the iodine nutritional status among children aged from 8 - 10 and pregnant women in Xiamen City before and after adjustment of salt iodine concentration, and scientifically evaluate the suitability of the new standard iodized salt adjustment policy for Xiamen City.Methods:In the pre-adjustment period (2011) and the post-adjustment period (2018), cross-sectional research methods and stratified cluster sampling methods were adopted in six districts of Xiamen City. The salt samples of residents and pregnant women, urine samples of children aged from 8 - 10 and pregnant women were collected to determine the iodine level; thyroid of children aged from 8 - 10 was examined. Changes in salt iodine, urine iodine and goiter prevalence before and after adjusting iodine content of salt were compared.Results:The median of salt iodine in residents after the adjustment (23.5 mg/kg) was significantly lower than that of before (28.9 mg/kg, Z = - 10.512, P < 0.05), the median of salt iodine in pregnant women after the adjustment (23.7 mg/kg) was significantly lower than that of before (29.2 mg/kg, Z = - 12.622, P < 0.05); the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in residents after the adjustment (95.7%, 1 196/1 250) was significantly lower than that of before (97.1%, 1 608/1 656; χ 2 = 4.250, P < 0.05); before and after adjustment of salt iodine concentration, the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in pregnant women was 94.7% (124/131) and 95.9% (579/604), respectively. No significant difference was found when comparing the consumption rate of qualified iodized salt in pregnant women (χ 2 = 0.015, P > 0.05). There was significant difference in median urinary iodine (from 204.2 to 183.9 μg/L, detected in 652, 1 250 urine samples, respectively) of children aged 8 - 10 years ( Z = - 3.583, P < 0.05); the difference of iodine nutritional status in pregnant women before and after adjustment of salt iodine concentration(130.2, 130.8 μg/L, detected in 132, 604 urine samples, respectively) was not significant ( Z = - 1.715, P > 0.05). The thyroid goiter rate of children aged 8 - 10 years had reduced from 1.1% (14/1 239) to 0.2% (2/1 253), the difference was statistically significant (χ 2 = 9.195, P < 0.05). Conclusions:As a whole, the measure of control and prevention of iodine deficiency disorders through iodized salt is implemented well in Xiamen City. After adjustment of salt iodine concentration, the iodine status of children aged from 8 to 10 is adequate, but the pregnant women has showed iodine deficiency.
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Objective To analyze the iodine nutritional status among pregnant women,breasffeeding women,0-2 years old infants,8-10 years old children,18-45 years old women and men in both urban and rural areas of Xiamen 3 years after promotion of new standard iodized salt.Methods The Huli and Xiang'an were selected as the urban and rural study sites in Xiamen City,from March 2015 to March 2016.Each study site was further divided into five geographic locations (east,south,west,north and center).In each location,one township was randomly selected.In each town,2 tap water samples,60 salt samples of residents,and urine samples of 40 children aged from 8-10 years old,20 pregnant women,12 breastfeeding women,0-2 years old infants,18-45 years old women and men were collected to determine the iodine level.The water iodine and urinary iodine were detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry;salt iodine was detected by direct titration.Results The medians of salt iodine in urban and rural were 23.0 and 25.3 μg/L,respectively.The coverage rates of iodized salt in urban and rural area were 99.3％ (298/300) and 94.0％ (282/300),respectively.The consumption rates of qualified iodized salt were 93.7％ (281/300) and 90.7％ (272/300),respectively.The medians of tap water iodine in urban and rural were 4.1 and 4.4 μg/L,respectively.In urban and rural areas,the medians of urinary iodine of pregnant women were 167.6 and 119.6 μg/L,respectively.The medians of urinary iodine of breastfeeding women were 121.6 and 101.2 μg/L,respectively.The medians of urinary iodine of infants were 165.9 and 110.5 μg/L,respectively.The medians of urinary iodine of children were 208.9 and 167.2 μg/L,respectively.The medians of urinary iodine of women aged 18-45 were 132.5 and 154.5 μg/L,respectively.The medians of urinary iodine of men aged 18-45 were 131.7 and 154.5 μg/L,respectively.Conclusions After 3 year promotion of new standard iodized salt,the iodine status of pregnant women in urban,breastfeeding women,0-2 years old infants,children aged 8 to 10 and adults aged 18 to 45 is adequate,but the pregnant women in rural has showed iodine deficiency.So surveillance and health education should be continuously strengthened in the future.Scientific salt iodization should continue to ensure the amount of iodine intake.
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Objective To investigate the coverage of iodized salt and the iodine status among children aged from 8-10 years in both urban and rural areas of Xiamen after promotion of new standard iodized salt,and to provide scientific evidence for adjustment of control strategy.Methods After 3 year promotion of new standard iodized salt,Huli and Xiang'an were selected as the urban and rural investigation sites,respectively in 2015.Each investigation site was further divided into five sampling areas,namely east,west,south,north and central.In each sampling area,one town was randomly selected and 2 tapping water samples were collected to determine the iodine level;in each town,4 villages were randomly selected and 15 residents were selected and edible salt samples were collected to determine the iodine level.Moreover,one primary school was selected in each town,and 40 children aged from 8-10 years old were randomly selected to perform thyroid examination and urinary iodine level determination.The water iodine was detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry;salt iodine was detected by direct titration;urinary iodine was detected by arsenic cerium catalytic spectrophotometry;thyroid was examined by B ultrasound.Results The iodine concentration was lower than 10 μg/L in drinking water in both urban and rural areas.The coverage rate of iodized salt in urban and rural areas was 99.3％ (298/300) and 94.0％ (282/300),respectively.The consumption rate of qualified iodized salt was 93.7％ (281/300) and 90.7％ (272/300),respectively.The prevalence of goiter was 3.8％ (8/210) both in urban and rural areas.The prevalence of thyroid nodule was 17.6％ (37/210) and 19.5％ (41/210),respectively.No significance was found when comparing the prevalence of goiter and the prevalence of thyroid nodule (x2 =0.000,0.252,all P ＞ 0.05).The median of urinary iodine was 208.9 and 167.2 μg/L,respectively.The statistical analysis found that the urban children had higher iodine level when comparing with rural counterparts (Z =4.030,P ＜ 0.01).The prevalence of goiter in male and female was 2.4％ (5/208) and 5.2％ (11/212),respectively,and no significant difference was detected (x2=2.222,P＞ 0.05).The prevalence of thyroid nodule in male and female children was 13.5％ (28/208) and 23.6％ (50/212),respectively,the analysis showed that the female children had higher prevalence of thyroid nodule (x2 =7.115,P ＜ 0.01).The median of urinary iodine in male and female children was 197.8 and 169.6 μg/L,respectively,and the urinary iodine level was significantly higher in male when comparing with female children (Z =2.218,P ＜ 0.05).Conclusions After promotion of new standard iodized salt,the iodine nutrition of children aged from 8-10 years in both urban and rural areas of Xiamen were good.The goal of eliminating iodine deficiency disorders was achieved.The iodine supplement measure should be further promoted to ensure the adequate level of iodine in residents,adhere to the iodine supplement measure,promote a healthy lifestyle,ensure the amount of iodine intake.