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Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) synthesis by activated sludge using volatile fatty acids (VFAs) in fermentation liquid of excess sludge as carbon source is a hotspot in the field of environmental biotechnology. However, there is no unified conclusion on the effects of non-VFAs, mainly dissolved organic matter (DOM), on PHA production. Thus, this critical review mainly introduces the main characteristics and common analysis methods of DOM in anaerobic fermentation liquid. The effects of DOM on PHA production are analyzed from the aspects of microbiology, metabolic regulation and sludge properties. The results of different studies showed that high concentration of DOM is bad for PHA production, but an appropriate amount of DOM is conducive to the stability of sludge properties, reducing the final PHA purification cost. Finally, suitable strategies were proposed to regulate the PHA synthesis by activated sludge with DOM for PHA production by anaerobic fermentation liquid.
Assuntos
Anaerobiose , Reatores Biológicos , Ácidos Graxos Voláteis , Fermentação , Poli-Hidroxialcanoatos , EsgotosRESUMO
Objective To observe the effect of ultrafine herb moxibustion on nasal mucosal remodeling in rats with allergic rhinitis. Methods Forty SD rats were randomly divided into control group (Group D) and modeling group. When successfully induced by intraperitoneal injection, aerosol inhalation and nasal spray of ovalbumin, the modeling group were randomly subdivided into modeling group (Group A), fluticasone propionate group (Group B) and ultrafine herb moxibustion group (Group C). Comparisons were made between the groups in respect of HE staining, transmission electron microscopy and counts of EOS. Results (1) Compared with Group D, Group A had significant elevation in counts of EOS (P<0.01);mucosal epithelium swelling, apparent angiotelectasis and eosinophilic infiltrated by HE staining; incomplete mucosal surface with deformity cilia, swelling mitochondria and partial loss of the mitochondria ridge by TEM . ( 2 ) Counts of EOS in Groups B and C were significantly decreased than in Group A (P<0.05, and P<0.01). Those in Group C were significantly decreased than in Group B (P<0.05), and there was insignificant difference in the counts between Group C and Group D (P=0.539). The HE staining Group B showed mild telangiectasia, with EOS scattered. The HE staining in Group C showed epithelial minor swelling and no telangiectasia. TEM showed mucosal surfaces in Groups B and C were complete, the quantity of cilia and microvillus increased apparently and cell junctions were normal. Normal endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria were evident in Group C. Conclusion The ultrafine herb moxibustion can relieve the clinical symptoms, slow down and even reverse the nasal mucosal remodeling.
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Objective To study the effects of angiotensin Ⅱ (AngⅡ) on insulin signal transduction pathway in skeletal myoblast of L6 rats,and further to explore the possible mechanism of AngⅡ on glucose utilization.Methods Myoblast cells of L6 rats were cultured and induced to differentiate.They were divided into 4 groups according to different treatment by AngⅡ or JAK2-PKA inhibitor H89:normal control group ( NC group),insulin group,insulin + AngⅡ group and insulin + AngⅡ + H89 group.Expression of IRS1 and GLUT4 mRNA was detected by RT-PCR.Expression of IRS1,Ptyr-IRS1 and GLUT4 (total and membrane protein) were detected by Western blot.Results The difference of GLUT4 mRNA expression in the 4 groups detected by RT-PCR had no statistical significance(P ＞ 0.05).The difference of IRS1 mRNA expression among the latter 3 groups had no statistical significance(P ＞ 0.05),however,IRS1 expression in the latter 3 groups was higher than that in NC group(P ＜ 0.05).Western blot results showed expression of IRS1,Ptyr-IRS1 and GLUT4 (membrane protein)was higher in the latter 3 groups than in NC group(P ＜0.05).The difference of IRS1 expression among the latter 3 groups(P ＞ 0.05 ) and GLUT4 (total protein) expression among the 4 groups had no statistical significance (P ＞ 0.05).The expression of of ptyr-IRS1 and GLUT4 membrane protein in Ins + AngⅡ + H89 group was much higher than that in Ins + AngⅡ group,and lower than that in insulin group(P ＜0.05).Conclusion AngⅡ inhibits IRS1's tyrosine phosphorylation and GLUT4's transfer from cytoplasm to plasma membrane in skeletal muscle cells through JAK2-PKA signaling pathway,and therefore induces insulin resistance.
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The pharmacokinetics of morphine in rats was studied after treatment with morphine, as well as morphine and lofexidine. The results showed that in lofexidine group the T 1/2ka and CL of morphine was significantly increased, while the C max ,AUC and T 1/2k of morphine were significantly decreased. Our results indicate that the lofcxidine can reduce the absorption rate of the morphine and the concentration of morphine in blood, and then can increase the total clearance rate of morphine in rats.