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Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is very common in sexually active men and women. HPV vaccination is the most effective measure for primary prevention for HPV infection and HPV-related diseases ultimately. HPV infection can cause condylomata acuminata in males, and is also associated with penile cancer, anal cancer and oral cancer; however, most male HPV carriers do not have signs or symptoms, so prevention and treatment of HPV infection in men can effectively reduce the risk of HPV infection in their partners. In most countries the HPV vaccination coverage among females is far lower than targeting expectation, and the effective herd immunity has not been achieved yet. Men can directly benefit from HPV vaccination, which is also beneficial for their partners, therefore HPV vaccination for men is worth considering. In this article we briefly describe HPV vaccination in males and overview their awareness and acceptance of HPV vaccination, so as to provide references for promoting HPV vaccination among men in the future.
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Objective:To investigate the perspective of family doctor teams on the status quo of home care for community-dwelling elderly.Methods:The focus group interviews on the status quo of home care for community-dwelling elderly were conducted from August 19 to December 28, 2021. One urban area and 1 suburban area of Beijing was selected by purpose sampling method as target areas. Five community health service centers were selected from each area, and 5 family doctor team members were selected as interviewees in each center. The outline of interviews was as follows: what kinds of home care does the family doctor team provide for the community-dwelling elderly; how does the family doctor team evaluate the existing community-based home care; what suggestions on developing community-based home care for the elderly in the future. The data of the interview were analyzed by the thematic framework.Results:Xicheng district and Miyun district were selected as the study sites in the urban and suburban areas of Beijing, and 41 family doctor team members were interviewed. Three themes and 6 sub-themes were extracted. The study showed that: (1) the family doctor contracted service for the elderly was carried out smoothly in the community; (2) the current situation of home care for the elderly in the community varied, the chronic disease management for the elderly was effective, the health education in the community was popular, the implementation of free annual health check for the elderly in urban areas was more difficult than that in suburban areas, and the family doctor team provided home visits as needed and required; (3) the members of family doctor team usually undertook multiple tasks due to the insufficiency of auxiliary staff, and the incentive mechanism of the home visit was not perfect, which needed to be improved.Conclusion:From the perspective of family doctor teams, the contract service for the elderly is generally carried out smoothly in Beijing communities, but it varies in different types of home care for the elderly, and the work and incentive mechanism of family doctor team need to be improved.
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Objective:To survey the experiences and perception of caregivers on home care service for community-dwelling elderly.Methods:From August to December 2021, individual semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with caregivers of the elderly from five community health centers in Beijing Xicheng and Miyun districts selected by purposive sampling.Results:Nine caregivers,2 males and 7 females aged 49-76 (62.8±9.4) years were interviewed in this study. The nursing care period was 3-48 (17±13) years. Four themes were extracted from the interview data: older people′s own condition was the primary factor influencing the home care needs; medical needs for home care were determined by the caregivers′ factors; community health service was important for meet home medical needs; and supporting of home care services for the elderly need to be strengthened.Conclusion:The experience of elderly home caregivers in using community home medical services is affected by many factors, and in the future, the content of home medical services should be improved, and the skills training of community elderly home caregivers should be strengthened, so as to improve the quality of life at home and promote the health literacy of the elderly.
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Objective:To investigate the epidemiological data of maternal sepsis in intensive care unit (ICU), analyze the common causes, outcomes of maternal sepsis, and the risk factors of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria.Methods:A retrospective cohort study. Maternal sepsis cases admitted to ICUs of Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing Chao-Yang Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University, and Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University from January 2008 to September 2022 were enrolled. The following data were recorded: demographic characteristics, sequential organ failure assessment (SOFA) during infection, infection time, infection sites, invasive intervention measures before infection, microbial culture results, blood routine test during infection, body temperature, and clinical outcomes caused by infection. According to the time of sepsis occurrence, the patients were divided into pre-ICU sepsis group and ICU sepsis group, and the causes of sepsis in the two groups were analyzed. According to whether MDR occurred, the patients were divided into MDR group and non-MDR group, and clinical outcomes were analyzed. Multivariate Logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of MDR bacteria infection in obstetrics with sepsis.Results:160 patients were enrolled, among which 104 cases of sepsis happened before ICU and 56 cases of sepsis happened during ICU, 53 cases were with MDR bacteria and 107 cases were without MDR bacteria. The median age of the patients was 30.5 (28.0, 34.0) years old, the median temperature was 38.8 (38.2, 39.5) ℃, and the median white blood cell count (WBC) was 17.2 (13.2, 21.3)×10 9/L, the median SOFA score was 5.0 (3.0, 8.0), and 130 cases (81.2%) were referred from other hospitals. The main infection sites were uterine cavity in 64 cases (40.0%), lung in 48 cases (30.0%), abdominal and pelvic cavity in 30 cases (18.8%), urinary system in 27 cases (16.9%). Sepsis led to hysterectomy in 6 cases (3.8%), stillbirth in 8 cases (5.0%), and neonatal death in 2 cases (1.3%). The main surgical intervention measures were cesarean section (44 cases, accounting for 27.5%), followed by exploratory laparotomy (19 cases, 11.9%). The median length of ICU stay was 5.0 (3.0, 10.0) days, and the median hospital length was 14.0 (10.0, 20.8) days. Intrauterine infection was the primary cause of sepsis happened during ICU, accounting for 50.0% (28/56), of which postpartum hemorrhage accounted for 85.7% (24/28). The proportion of diabetes [28.3% (15/53) vs. 14.0% (15/107)], intrauterine operation [41.5% (22/53) vs. 23.4% (25/107)], intrauterine infection [50.9% (27/53) vs. 34.6% (37/107)] and bacteremia [18.9% (10/53) vs. 2.8% (3/107)] in the MDR group were significantly higher than those in the non-MDR group (all P < 0.05). Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that diabetes [odds ratio ( OR) = 2.348, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) was 1.006-5.480, P = 0.048] and intrauterine operation ( OR = 2.541, 95% CI was 1.137-5.678, P = 0.023) were independent risk factors for MDR bacterial infection in obstetrics with sepsis. Conclusions:Intrauterine infection is the common cause of maternal sepsis in ICU, and postpartum hemorrhage is the common cause of secondary intrauterine infection in ICU. MDR bacteria can lead to serious clinical outcomes. Diabetes and intrauterine operation are independent risk factors for MDR bacteria' infection.
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Objective@#To establish the norm of the Physical Activity afterschool Questionnaire for Preschooler(P-PAQ) in urban areas of China, so as to provide a basis for graded guidance from the family perspective and to improve children s physical activity levels.@*Methods@#From October 2020 to January 2021, 6 267 children aged 3-6 years old were recruited from 40 kindergartens in eight cities across six major administrative regions by stratified cluster sampling, and the P-PAQ initially developed by the researchers of this study were completed by the primary caregivers. The questionnaire was administered to collect data relating to the amount of physical activity undertaken by the preschoolers, and the norm was determined by quartiles. Data relating to parental concepts of sports and parental behavior were assessed by calculating mean scores in order to establish the norm.@*Results@#Among preschoolers in urban areas, the M(P 25 ，P 75 ) of total physical activity time (min/day), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity time (min/day), outdoor time (min/day) and screen time (min/day) on school days outside kindergarten and on weekends were 84 (54,120), 22 (8,40), 12 (0,24) and 18 (6,30), and 170 (115,240), 60 (30,95), 90 (35,120) and 30 (20,60), respectively. When the score of parents sports concept and behavior (total score of 40) were≥34, 29-<34, 24-<29, <24, it was defined as four levels about above medium, medium, lower medium and lower, respectively. And for two dimensions，when the score of parental sports concept were ≥19, 17-<19, 15-<17, <15，and the score of parental behaviors were ≥16, 12-<16, 8-<12, <8, it was defined as four levels about upper medium, medium, lower medium and lower, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The norm of extracurricular activities among preschool children in Chinese cities has good representativeness and appropriate threshold values, which could provide a valuable reference for early assessment, as well as guidance in relation to out-of-school physical activity behaviors among children aged 3-6 years old.
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Glycosite-specific antibody‒drug conjugatess (gsADCs), harnessing Asn297 N-glycan of IgG Fc as the conjugation site for drug payloads, usually require multi-step glycoengineering with two or more enzymes, which limits the substrate diversification and complicates the preparation process. Herein, we report a series of novel disaccharide-based substrates, which reprogram the IgG glycoengineering to one-step synthesis of gsADCs, catalyzed by an endo-N-acetylglucosaminidase (ENGase) of Endo-S2. IgG glycoengineering via ENGases usually has two steps: deglycosylation by wild-type (WT) ENGases and transglycosylation by mutated ENGases. But in the current method, we have found that disaccharide LacNAc oxazoline can be efficiently assembled onto IgG by WT Endo-S2 without hydrolysis of the product, which enables the one-step glycoengineering directly from native antibodies. Further studies on substrate specificity revealed that this approach has excellent tolerance on various modification of 6-Gal motif of LacNAc. Within 1 h, one-step synthesis of gsADC was achieved using the LacNAc-toxin substrates including structures free of bioorthogonal groups. These gsADCs demonstrated good homogeneity, buffer stability, in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor activity. This work presents a novel strategy using LacNAc-based substrates to reprogram the multi-step IgG glycoengineering to a one-step manner for highly efficient synthesis of gsADCs.
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Objective:To survey the working status of outpatient nurses in general practice departments of general hospitals.Methods:From March to April 2021, personal in-depth interviews were conducted with outpatient nurses from general practice residency training bases in Beijing. The thematic framework analysis method was used to analyze the interview data and refine the themes.Results:Fourteen nurses working in general practice outpatient clinics were interviewed in this study. Four themes were extracted from the interview data: (1) inadequate staffing of full-time outpatient nurses in general practice departments of comprehensive hospitals; (2) unclear job functions for outpatient nurses in general practice departments; (3) no standardized patient health education in the department; (4) no relevant training received systematically.Conclusion:General practice departments in general hospitals should setup full-time general practice nurse positions, clarify the job responsibilities, strengthen the relevant training and enhance core competency for nurses working in general practice department.
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With the rapid population aging in China, healthy elderly care has become a consensus of the whole society. As an important part of healthcare system, community health service plays a vital role in health maintenance and promotion for the elderly, and it is an extremely important foundation for realizing healthy endowment. In this article we summarize the status quo of home-based care for the aged, in which the community health service plays an important role, and also make suggestions for further improvement.
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Objective To understand the report of death cases in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University in the past five years, and to put forward measures to improve the quality of death case reports. Methods The death cases reported by the death registration information system of the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University from January 1, 2014 to July 31, 2019 were analyzed, the timeliness of the report, the quality of the report of the root cause of death and the distribution of the root cause of death were evaluated. Results In the past five years, the main places of death were medical and health institutions. Males were significantly more than females. Ages were more concentrated in groups over 60 years old and under 80 years old. They were mostly retirees and those with junior high school or below education. Most of the diagnostic criteria were clinical + physical and physicochemical. The proportion of the time of death differ from the date of filling in the card and the proportion of the time of death differ from the date of filling in the card exceeding 7 days were gradually decreasing. The proportion of diseases directly leading to death differ from the underlying causes of death, and the proportion of diseases directly leading to death differ from ICD codes of underlying causes of death ranked first in 2017. The top three causes of death in the case of death are in turn: cause codes I, C, and J. Conclusions The timeliness of death case report in the First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University has increased year by year in recent five years, but the error rate of death cause coding is high, and the work of determining the underlying cause of death needs to be improved.
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Objective To investigate the efficacy of the single-injection technique of PECS Ⅰ and Ⅱ blocks for postoperative analgesia in patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy. Methods Sixty female patients who would undergo elective unilateral modified radical mastectomy, aged 30-65 years, falling into ASA physical status Ⅰ or Ⅱ, were selected and randomly divided into PECS group (group P) or control group (group C), 30 cases in each. After induction, patients in group P underwent ultrasound-guided combined PECS Ⅰ and Ⅱ blocks in a single-injection technique before surgery, 30 ml of 0.5％ ropivacaine was given to these patients. Patients in group C received general anesthesia alone. Anesthesia maintenance was performed by total intravenous anesthesia. The dosage of intraoperative propofol and remifentanil, postoperative recovery time, the requirement of sufentanil at 48 h after operation and the first time pressing the analgesic pump button, rescue analgesic requirements at 48 h after operation and the pressing frequency of analgesic pump were recorded in the two groups. Results The usage of propofol and remifentanil in group P were significantly less than those in group C (P ＜ 0.05). The recovery time after operation was significantly shorter than that in group C (P ＜ 0.05). The total consumption of sufentanil after 48 h was significantly less than that in group C (P ＜ 0.05). The first pressing time of the analgesic pump in group P was significantly later than that in group C (P ＜ 0.05).The rescue analgesic requirements in group P at 48 h were lower than those in group C (P ＜ 0.05).The pressing frequencies of analgesic pump in group P at 24 h were less than those in group C (P ＜ 0.05). Conclusion For patients undergoing modified radical mastectomy, ultrasound-guided combined PECS Ⅰ and Ⅱ blocks in a single-injection technique can reduce the dosage of opioid drugs in the perioperative period, and can provide better analgesic effect after operation.
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Objective@#To evaluate the predictive value of MRI features and pathological parameters on local recurrence, metastasis and progression free survival (PFS) for locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and subsequent total mesorectal excision surgery.@*Methods@#A retrospective analysis of 95 patients with locally advanced rectal adenocarcinoma who underwent total mesorectal excision after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy was performed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to evaluate the predictive value of MRI features before chemoradiation and postoperative pathological parameters on progression free survival.@*Results@#Among the 95 cases, 5 cases occured local recurrence, 21 cases developed, 3 cases including both locally recurrence and distant metastasis, 19 died and 47 had no recurrence or metastasis at the last of follow-up. Univariant analysis showed that MRI signs before chemoradiation, namely, mr circumferential resection margin, mr levator ani muscle invasion, mr lymphatic vessel invasion, mr tumor deposition and postoperative pathological parameters, yp circumferential resection margin, yp lymphatic vessel invasion were related to PFS (P<0.05). Multivariate analysis of Cox proportional hazard model showed that mr lymphatic vessel invasion and mr tumor deposition were independent factors for PFS (OR=2.774 and 3.029, P<0.05).@*Conclusions@#Lymphatic vessel invasion and tumor deposition on MRI are independent prognostic factors for progression free survival of locally advanced rectal cancer after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and TME surgery. To some extent, MRI signs can assess local recurrence and distant metastasis in locally advanced rectal cancer patients after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy and mesorectal excision.
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Objective To investigate the value of magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in combination with peripheral serum tumor markers in the diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation of small cell lung cancer (SCLC) brain metastases.Methods Retrospective analysis of 368 SCLC cases diagnosed by histopathology or cytology from February 2009 to February 2012 in Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital was made.All patients underwent pathological examination of progastrin-releasing peptide (ProGRP),neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and brain DWI,and measured the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) of DWI sequences of brain metastases.The difference between the positive rates of ProGRP and NSE in patients with or without brain metastases was compared by the X2 test,and the diagnostic efficiency of ProGRP,NSE,DWI and combined detection for brain metastases were analyzed.The Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the changes of ADC value,ProGRP and NSE before and after brain irradiation therapy in brain metastases of SCLC.Pearson correlation analysis was made to evaluate the correlation between the changes of ADC value and the levels of ProGRP and NSE in SCLC patients with brain metastases before and after treatment.Results The median expression of serum ProGRP in 169 SCLC patients was 2 664.7 pg/ml (98.4-4 876.8 pg/ml),with a positive rate of 98.2 ％ (166/169).The median expression of NSE was 41.9 μg/L (9.4-264.3 μg/L),with a positive rate of 70.4 ％ (119/169).The median expression of serum ProGRP level was 514.3 pg/ml (3.9-2 899.3 pg/ml) in 199 SCLC patients without brain metastasis,the positive rate was 89.4 ％ (178/199).The median expression of NSE was 40.4 μg/L (0.3-176.1 μ,g/L),with a positive rate of 64.8 ％ (129/199).The difference of ProGRP level between the two groups was statistically significant (u =121.47,P ＜ 0.001),but there was no significant difference in NSE level (u =1.35,P =0.12).The sensitivities of ProGRP,NSE,DWI,ProGRP+DWI and NSE+DWI were 68.4 ％,41.2 ％,66.7 ％,92.2 ％,and 82.4 ％,and the specificities were 52.9 ％,35.3 ％,76.5 ％,94.1％,and 88.2 ％.The sensitivity and specificity of ProGRP+DWI and NSE+DWI were higher than those of single test,and the differences were statistically significant (all P ＜ 0.001).One hundred and fifty-six SCLC patients with brain metastases were treated with whole brain radiotherapy.Pearson correlation analysis showed that ADC values were negatively correlated with ProGRP and NSE levels (r =-0.945,P ＜ 0.001;r =-0.995,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusion DWI combined with ProGRP and NSE can provide objective evidence and clinical guidance for the diagnosis of SCLC brain metastases and the evaluation of whole brain radiotherapy.
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Objective@#To investigate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and clinicopathological features of primary lesions in patients with occult breast cancer (OBC).@*Methods@#The imaging reports from the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System in 2013 were retrospectively analyzed to investigate the morphology and the time signal intensity curve (TIC) of breast lesions in patients with OBC. The clinical and pathological characteristics of these patients were also included.@*Results@#A total of 34 patients were enrolled. Among these patients, 24 patients underwent modified radical mastectomy and 18 of them had primary breast carcinoma in pathological sections. MRI detected 17 cases of primary lesions, including six masse lesions with a diameter of 0.6-1.2 cm (average 0.9 cm), and 11 non-mass lesions with four linear distributions, three segmental distributions, three focal distributions, and one regions distribution. Five patients had TIC typeⅠprimary lesions, ten had TIC type Ⅱ primary lesions, and two had TIC type Ⅲ primary lesions. Among all 34 cases, 23 of them had complete results of immunohistochemistry: 11 estrogen receptor (ER) positive lesions (47.8%), tenprogesterone receptor (PR) positive lesions (43.5%), seven human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER-2) positive lesions (30.4%), and 20high expression(>14%) of Ki-67 (87.0%). The proportion of type luminal A was 4.3%, type luminal B was 43.5%, triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) was 30.4%, and HER-2 over expression accounted for 21.7%.@*Conclusions@#The primary lesions of OBC usually manifested as small mass lesions, or focal, linear or segmental distribution of non-mass lesions. The positive rate of ER and PR was low, but the positive rate of HER-2 and the proliferation index of Ki-67 was high. Type luminal B is the most common molecular subtype.
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Objective@#To examine the sex differences in the dark triad and its association with relationship satisfaction.@*Methods@#Totally 490 participants from institutions and corporations were assessed by Mach-Ⅳ, Levenson Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (LSRP), Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI), Relationship Assessment Scale (RAS) and Big Five Inventory (BFI-20). Statistical analysis was performed by correlation analysis, t test and hierarchical regression analysis.@*Results@#The scores of Relationship Assessment and dark triad were shown as follows: relationship assessment (27.63±5.09), Machiavellism (53.52±8.02), psychopathy (38.45±7.52), narcissistic (18.41±7.27). Men scored higher than women in dark triad (tMachiavellism=3.226, tPsychopathy=3.070, tNarcissistic=2.900, all P<0.01). There were significant correlations between machiavellism and psychopathy, and also between psychopathy and narcissistic(r=-0.170-0.572). Linear regression showed that Machiavellism and psychopathy were consistent negatively associated with relationship satisfaction for both men and women (bMachiavellism-men=-0.104, tMachiavellism-men=-2.352, bPsychopathy-men=-0.131, tPsychopathy-men=-2.739, bMachiavellism-women=-0.121, tMachiavellism-women=-2.662; bPsychopathy-women=-0.106, tPsychopathy-women=-2.189, all P<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in narcissism between male and female.@*Conclusion@#For the dark triad, there are obviously sex differences and its association with relationship satisfaction are partly confirmed.
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Objective:To investigate the expression of miR-126-3p in thyroid cancer and the biological function.Methods:The expression of miR-126-3p in thyroid carcinoma,adjacent tissues and three types of thyroid cancer cells(TPC-1,FTC-133,8505C) were detected by RT-PCR;thyroid cancer cells were divided into analogue group(mimic) and control group(NC),which were respectively with the transfection of miR-126-3p mimic and negative control plasmid.The proliferation and apoptosis in two groups were respectively detected by Brdu-ELISA and flow cytometry.The migration and invasion were detected by Transwell Chambers method.Results:The expression of miR-126-3p in thyroid carcinoma was significantly lower than adjacent tissues(0.384±0.028 vs 0.981±0.039,t=10.291,P<0.05);the expression of miR-126-3p in TPC-1 was the lowest among three types of thyroid cancer cells.Compared with NC group,the proliferation of TPC-1 in mimic group was significantly inhibited,the same with migration(26.68±4.48 vs 82.21±3.65,t=17.789,P<0.05)and invasion(12.28±1.03 vs 34.43±2.10,t=8.103,P<0.05),which the apoptosis was significantly increased[(15.32±3.20)% vs (8.12±1.17)%,t=4.623,P<0.05].Conclusion:The miR-126-3p expression is reduced in thyroid cancer tissue,overexpression of miR-126-3p significantly suppresses the proliferation,migration and invasion of thyroid cancer cells,and promotes the apoptosis,miR-126-3p can play an important biological function as a cancer suppressor gene in thyroid cancer.
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Primary hepatic lymphoma (PHL) is an extremely rare disease without any unified diagnostic criterion.The symptoms are usually nonspecific.Liver biopsy remains the most valuable tool for diagnosis of PHL.The predominant histology of PHL is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma.The therapeutic modalities are variable,including surgery,chemotherapy,radiotherapy,or combination of the various processes.This article described a 33-year-old man with diffuse large B-cell PHL who was treated at the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Shanxi Medical Univeitity Blood Disease Diagnosis and Treatment Center in February 2014.The patient benefited from eight-cycle chemotherapy.At present,the patient is disease-free and undergoes regular follow-up.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiologic and behavioral characteristics of HIV among community population in Liangshan prefecture.Methods We collected social demographic,behavioral and serological information by means of the monitoring questionnaire and serological tests.Data was analyzed by using the chi-square test and logistic regression.Results From April to June of 2010 to 2015,14 092 cases of community population were selected as the study objects,with 267 cases diagnosed as HIV positive patients.The HIV positive rates were 3.24％,3.07％,1.17％,1.38％,1.42％ and 1.25％,respectively.We observed that when community population having the following characteristics as:living in Butuo country (OR=3.83),being males (OR=1.77),being Yi nationality (OR=4.40) being widowed (OR=28.57),with history of drug abuse (OR=3.71) or injecting drug use (PWID) (OR=4.92),or history of needle sharing among PWID (OR=8.53),were under higher risks for HIV infection.With histories as:having had secondary or above levels of schooling (OR=0.59),having protected sex with regular parmers (OR =0.21) and with non-regular partners (OR =0.46),they seemed to be somehow protected for getting HIV infection.Conclusion The positive HIV rates of HIV among community population in Dechang,Ningnan and Butuo varied from 0.10％ to 8.77％while the HIV transmission among general population remained challenging.
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Objective To investigate the epidemiologic and behavioral characteristics of HIV among community population in Liangshan prefecture.Methods We collected social demographic,behavioral and serological information by means of the monitoring questionnaire and serological tests.Data was analyzed by using the chi-square test and logistic regression.Results From April to June of 2010 to 2015,14 092 cases of community population were selected as the study objects,with 267 cases diagnosed as HIV positive patients.The HIV positive rates were 3.24％,3.07％,1.17％,1.38％,1.42％ and 1.25％,respectively.We observed that when community population having the following characteristics as:living in Butuo country (OR=3.83),being males (OR=1.77),being Yi nationality (OR=4.40) being widowed (OR=28.57),with history of drug abuse (OR=3.71) or injecting drug use (PWID) (OR=4.92),or history of needle sharing among PWID (OR=8.53),were under higher risks for HIV infection.With histories as:having had secondary or above levels of schooling (OR=0.59),having protected sex with regular parmers (OR =0.21) and with non-regular partners (OR =0.46),they seemed to be somehow protected for getting HIV infection.Conclusion The positive HIV rates of HIV among community population in Dechang,Ningnan and Butuo varied from 0.10％ to 8.77％while the HIV transmission among general population remained challenging.
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Objective To analyze the relationship between pillow height and cervical intervertebral disc stress in lateral decubitus position of the human body using three-dimensional finite element method,and to provide the basis for appropriate pillow selection.Methods A cervical spine CT scan was performed on a normal male volunteer.The medical 3D image reconstruction software (Mimics),reverse engineering software (Geomagic Studio) and finite element software (MSC.Patran) were collectively used to establish three-dimensional finite element models of the whole cervical spine under three lateral decubitus conditions,includes pillow height of 10 cm (cervical spine leftward flexion),17 cm (cervical spine neutral),and 25 cm (cervical spine rightward flexion).Moreover,the finite element analysis and calculation of the three models were conducted.Results The Von-Mises stress,maximal principal stress and maximum shear stress of the model in cervical spine neutral (pillow height=17 cm) were all significantly lower than those of the cervical spine lateral model.Conclusions When the cervical coronal plane is in neutral position,the cervical discs can achieve the best stress distribution state.In lateral decubitus position of the human body,a appropriate pillow height should make the cervical vertebrae in neutral position.
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Objective To explore the value of histopathologic diagnosis after colposcopy for high-risk HPV16/18 positive patients with negative cytology or atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASCUS) for early screening of cervical lesions. Methods A retrospective study of cervical histopathologic diagnosis in the HPV16/18 positive patients received colposcopy evaluation before got the histology was carried out between January 2014 and January 2016. The cytology of the patients should be negative or ASCUS. A total of 337 patients with age from 21 to 65 years old were enrolled, including 214 patients with negative cytology, and 123 patients with ASCUS. Results (1) The results of pathology were as follows: 63 (18.7%) cases inflammation, 89 (26.4%) cases cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)Ⅰ, 182 (54.0%) cases CINⅡ-Ⅲ and adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), and 3 (0.9%) cases minimal invasive cancer (stage Ⅰa1). The incidence of CIN Ⅱ and above cervical lesions was higher in the patients with ASCUS (71.5%, 88/123) than that in the patients with negative cytology (45.3%, 97/214; χ2=24.876, P<0.01),and it was higher in the patients with HPV16 positive (64.4% , 150/233) than that in the patients with HPV18 positive (30.3% , 27/89; χ2=31.388, P<0.01). There was statistically significant difference among the different age group in which the patients of 20- 29 years old was 69.3% (52/75), 30- 39 years old was 55.1% (75/136), 40-49 years old was 44.8% (30/67) and 50 years old and above was 47.5% (28/59; χ2=16.512, P=0.032). (2) Among the patients with negative cytology, the incidence of CINⅡ and above cervical lesions in the patients with HPV16 positive was higher than that in the patients with HPV18 positive [54.8%(80/146)vs 26.0%(20/77);χ2=16.930, P<0.01]. The incidence was also higher in the patients with HPV16 positive than that in the patients with HPV18 positive [76.5%(78/102)vs 55.6%(15/27);χ2=4.642, P=0.031] among the patients with ASCUS. (3) Compared to the patients diagnosed inflammation or CINⅠ, the patients diagnosed CINⅡ and above cervical lesions had higher infection rate of HPV16, lower infection rate of HPV18, higher incidence of ASCUS, and smaller parities (all P<0.05). A multifactor analysis was carried out, the results showed that HPV16 positive and ASCUS might be independent risk factors to predict the incidence of CIN Ⅱ and above cervical lesions(P<0.01). Conclusions The incidence of cervical precancerous lesions is high in the women with HPV16/18 infection. Patients with HPV16 infection are more likely to have the CIN Ⅱ and above cervical lesions than patients with HPV18 infection. Patients with HPV16/18 infection are suggested to be directly transferred to clinic of colposcopy, and then getting the histology selectively, which would be help to early detection of the cervical precancerous lesions.