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OBJECTIVE To provide reference for improving the continuing education management for licensed pharmacists in China. METHODS By searching related policies ，notices and documents of continuing education of licensed pharmacists in various provinces in China ，the retrieval time limit was from the implementation of the licensed pharmacist qualification access system in 1994 to December 31，2021. The organizational structure ，implementation status and problems of continuing education management for licensed pharmacists in 31 provinces were analyzed to put forward the suggestions. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS At present ， the management subjects of continuing education for licensed pharmacists in China at the national level are still unclear ，and the management subjects of continuing education at the local level are mostly provincial drug administration and （licensed）pharmacist association，and some are pharmaceutical societies ，so the management system needs to be straightened out. At present ，most provinces have selected teaching institutions through public bidding ，basically realize the separation of discipline ，but the openness and transparency of selection standards need to be strengthened. In addition ，there are still some problems ，such as teaching content and methods need to be enriched and optimized ，and insufficient funds guarantee in most areas. It is suggested to clarify the division of responsibilities for the continuing education management of licensed pharmacists in China ，improve the management of teaching institutions ，enrich the teaching contents and forms of continuing education of licensed pharmacists ，and ensure the management funds of continuing education of licensed pharmacists.
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Objective:To investigate the efficacy and safety of three-dimensional navigation template assisted osteotomy for fracture malunion of lateral condyle of humerus in children.Methods:Eighteen children with ma-lunion of fracture of lateral condyle of humerus were treated in Southern Medical University Third Affiliated Hospital from August 2012 to December 2019 and analyzed retrospectively.Among them, 12 cases were treated with routine ope-ration: according to CT reconstruction and empirical osteotomy during the operation, the location of deformity was analyzed.Six cases were treated with navigation template assisted osteotomy: according to the CT data of bilateral elbow joints, a three-dimensional bone model was established, and the coronal and sagittal deformities of the distal humerus were evaluated by comparing the images of the distal humerus of the affected side with the distal humerus of the healthy side, so as to determine the best plane of osteotomy and the target position of reduction.The preoperative simulation was carried out on the computer, and the osteotomy navigation template and reduction navigation template were designed.The navigation template was printed out with a 3D printer.During the operation, the osteotomy was corrected with the assistance of navigation template, and the broken end of osteotomy was fixed with hollow screw and fixed with 80 degree flexion plaster.The X-ray films of the two groups were reexamined regularly after operation.The amount of intraoperative blood loss, operation time, incidence of postoperative complications (necrosis of humeral head and trochlea, delayed ulnar nerve paralysis, and bone nonunion) and the recovery of flexion and the extension function of elbow joint were observed in the 2 groups.Results:The elbow joint activity of all children basically returned to normal, the orthopedic site of osteotomy achieved bony healing, and the orthopedic effects were satisfactory.All the 18 cases were followed up for 6-24 months (mean 15 months). According to the postoperative Dhillon score, the navigation template group was excellent in 1 case and better in 5 cases, while in the routine group, 11 cases were batter and 1 case was fair.There were no significant differences in Dhillon score between the 2 groups after operation ( P>0.05). There were no significant differences in the range of the motion of elbow joint between the 2 groups ( P>0.05). In the comparison of operation time and intraoperative blood loss, the navigation template group [(200.0±24.2) min, (85.0±10.9) mL]was better than the routine group[(232.0±20.1) min, (139.1±18.3) mL](all P<0.001). Conclusions:The application of three-dimensional humerus reconstruction and mirror image contrast to evaluate the distal humerus deformity of the affected side, and the design of osteotomy and reduction navigation template auxiliary operation can restore the normal anatomical structure of elbow joint to the greatest extent.Accurate correction, and the function of elbow joint recover well after operation, which optimizes the operation procedure, improves the safety and effectiveness of the operation.
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OBJECTIVE：To provide reference for improving the continuing education system for licensed pharmacists in China by learning from the mature experience of the continuing education system of licensed pharmacists in the UK. METHODS ： Literature research method was adopted to summarize and analyze the organizational structure ，specific contents and implementation methods of the continuing education system for licensed pharmacists in the UK by combing the English and Chinese literatures ， official policies and reports of the continuing education system for licensed pharmacists in the UK. The suggestions and reflections were put forward to improve the continuing education system of licensed pharmacists in China. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS ：The management organization of continuing education system for licensed pharmacists in the UK is mainly UK Association of Boards of Pharmacy，the organizations of which provide continuing education include pharmacy associations ，pharmaceutical education institutions，pharmaceutical colleges and universities. Continuing education system of licensed pharmacists in the UK is relatively perfect，including personal needs analysis ，systematic continuing education courses ，self-education and evaluation reflection of licensed pharmacists ，forming a systematic circulation system ；continuing education is carried out for pharmacists in different practicing fields ，with equal emphasis on theory and practice. In terms of continuing education ，the UK focuses on face-to-face ， one-to-one training ，and provides many free continuing education courses. Compared with the UK ，the continuing education system of licensed pharmacists in China still has some gaps. For example ，the self-education and self-evaluation awareness of licensed pharmacists is not strong ，the content and form of continuing education lack of pertinence and practicality ，and the re-registration management of pharmacists ’practicing qualifications is more formalistic. It is recommended that licensed pharmacists in China establish the concept of self-education ，strengthen the practicality of continuing education for pharmacists ，carry out refined continuing education for pharmacists in different fields of practice ，and strengthen the management of re-registration of licensed pharmacists，so as to form a systematic and effective circulation system for continuing education of licensed pharmacists in China.
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Objective To investigate the risk factors for lower extremity peripheral arterial disease (LEPAD) in elderly patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM).Methods To detect ankle brachial index (ABI) of 356 elderly patients with T2DM,and analyze whether risk factors had correlation with ABI.Results We found that age,systolic blood pressure,HbAlc,2-hours post-prandial (2hpp) plasma glucose had inverse correlation,yet 2hpp C-peptide plasma level,2-hpp insulin level had positive correlation with ABI by bivariate correlation test.Conclusions Age,systolic blood pressure,2hpp plasma glucose,2hpp C-peptide plasma level,2hpp insulin level were related with lower extremity arterial disease in the elderly with T2DM,among which age was the most important risk factor for LEPAD.