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Increased microglial activation and neuroinflammation within autonomic brain regions such as the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) have been implicated in stress-induced hypertension (SIH). Prorenin, a member of the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS), can directly activate microglia. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of prorenin on microglial activation in the RVLM of SIH rats. Rats were subjected to intermittent electric foot-shocks plus noise, this stress was administered for 2 h twice daily for 15 consecutive days, and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) were monitored. The results showed that MAP and RSNA were augmented, and this paralleled increased pro-inflammatory phenotype (M1) switching. Prorenin and its receptor (PRR) expression and the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) activation were increased in RVLM of SIH rats. In addition, PLX5622 (a microglial depletion agent), MCC950 (a NLRP3 inhibitor), and/or PRO20 (a (Pro)renin receptor antagonist) had antihypertensive effects in the rats. The NLRP3 expression in the RVLM was decreased in SIH rats treated with PLX5622. Mito-tracker staining showed translocation of NLRP3 from mitochondria to the cytoplasm in prorenin-stimulated microglia. Prorenin increased the ROS-triggering M1 phenotype-switching and NLRP3 activation, while MCC950 decreased the M1 polarization. In conclusion, upregulated prorenin in the RVLM may be involved in the pathogenesis of SIH, mediated by activation of the microglia-derived NLRP3 inflammasome. The link between prorenin and NLRP3 in microglia provides insights for the treatment of stress-related hypertension.
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Objective To analyze the change of cigarette consumption price,and understand the cigarette affordability in China.Methods A total of 16 800 households were selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling.Then IPAQ was used to randomly select one family member to conduct the survey.Questionnaire from Global Tobacco Surveillance System with added country-specific questions was used.Results Up to 50％ of current smokers would buy 20 cigarettes with price of 9.9 yuan (RMB) or less,and 25％ of current smokers would not buy 20 cigarettes with price exceed 5.5 yuan (RMB).Only 10％ would buy 20 cigarettes with price over 19.9 yuan (RMB).The calculated median monthly expenditure for cigarettes was 181.4 yuan (RMB).From 2010 to 2015,the proportion of annual expenditure for cigarettes in disposable income per capita declined from 10.5％ to 8.8％ in urban area and from 21.1％ to 17.3％ in rural area.Conclusion During 2010-2015,the purchasing power of Chinese smokers increased in both urban area and rural area due to the decrease of cigarette consumption price.
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Objective To analyze the change of cigarette consumption price,and understand the cigarette affordability in China.Methods A total of 16 800 households were selected through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling.Then IPAQ was used to randomly select one family member to conduct the survey.Questionnaire from Global Tobacco Surveillance System with added country-specific questions was used.Results Up to 50％ of current smokers would buy 20 cigarettes with price of 9.9 yuan (RMB) or less,and 25％ of current smokers would not buy 20 cigarettes with price exceed 5.5 yuan (RMB).Only 10％ would buy 20 cigarettes with price over 19.9 yuan (RMB).The calculated median monthly expenditure for cigarettes was 181.4 yuan (RMB).From 2010 to 2015,the proportion of annual expenditure for cigarettes in disposable income per capita declined from 10.5％ to 8.8％ in urban area and from 21.1％ to 17.3％ in rural area.Conclusion During 2010-2015,the purchasing power of Chinese smokers increased in both urban area and rural area due to the decrease of cigarette consumption price.
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Objective To understand the situation on exposure to second-hand smoke among Chinese adults aged 15 and above and their support to policy on banning smoking in public places in 2015.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted based on the protocol on Global Adult Tobacco Survey.Stratified multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select 16 800 households in China.Data were collected through household survey,using the electronic devices.One eligible respondent was selected by random sampling in each household.Standardized questionnaire was used from Global Tobacco Surveillance System.Data were weighted and analyzed by SAS 9.3 and SUDAAN 10.0.1 complex survey data analysis program.Results 93.1％ (60 128 × 103/64 575 × 103),76.3％(455 473 × 103/596 782 × 103),57.1％ (621 793 × 103/1 089 582 × 103),54.3％ (218 792 × 103/402 732 × 103),38.1％ (61 208 × 103/160 574 × 103),26.9％ (119 783 × 103/444 679 × 103),23.8％(17 598 × 103/73 993 × 103),17.2％ (41 099 × 103/239 022 × 103) and 16.4％ (102 153 × 103/623 015 ×103) of the respondents reported that smoking did exsit in the following places as:inside of bars or night clubs,in the restaurants,households homes,working places,government buildings,health care facilities,universities,primary and high schools (both indoor and outdoor areas),and on public transportation,respectively.Compared with those data in 2010,the proportions of exposure to indoor areas of restaurants,government buildings,health care facilities,primary and high schools (both indoor and outdoor areas),public transportation,and homes all significantly decreased after standardization of data.Results also showed that most respondents were supportive to the policy on banning smoking in public and working places.However,the proportions of exposure to indoor areas of restaurants were still high but almost 70％ of the respondents thought smoking should not be allowed in indoor areas of restaurants.Conclusion From 2010 to 2015,proportions of exposure to indoor areas of public places,working places,public transportation and homes were obviously declining in China.The Chinese public seemed supportive to the policy on banning smoking in public places.
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Objective To understand the situation on exposure to second-hand smoke among Chinese adults aged 15 and above and their support to policy on banning smoking in public places in 2015.Methods A cross-sectional survey was conducted based on the protocol on Global Adult Tobacco Survey.Stratified multi-stage cluster sampling was used to select 16 800 households in China.Data were collected through household survey,using the electronic devices.One eligible respondent was selected by random sampling in each household.Standardized questionnaire was used from Global Tobacco Surveillance System.Data were weighted and analyzed by SAS 9.3 and SUDAAN 10.0.1 complex survey data analysis program.Results 93.1％ (60 128 × 103/64 575 × 103),76.3％(455 473 × 103/596 782 × 103),57.1％ (621 793 × 103/1 089 582 × 103),54.3％ (218 792 × 103/402 732 × 103),38.1％ (61 208 × 103/160 574 × 103),26.9％ (119 783 × 103/444 679 × 103),23.8％(17 598 × 103/73 993 × 103),17.2％ (41 099 × 103/239 022 × 103) and 16.4％ (102 153 × 103/623 015 ×103) of the respondents reported that smoking did exsit in the following places as:inside of bars or night clubs,in the restaurants,households homes,working places,government buildings,health care facilities,universities,primary and high schools (both indoor and outdoor areas),and on public transportation,respectively.Compared with those data in 2010,the proportions of exposure to indoor areas of restaurants,government buildings,health care facilities,primary and high schools (both indoor and outdoor areas),public transportation,and homes all significantly decreased after standardization of data.Results also showed that most respondents were supportive to the policy on banning smoking in public and working places.However,the proportions of exposure to indoor areas of restaurants were still high but almost 70％ of the respondents thought smoking should not be allowed in indoor areas of restaurants.Conclusion From 2010 to 2015,proportions of exposure to indoor areas of public places,working places,public transportation and homes were obviously declining in China.The Chinese public seemed supportive to the policy on banning smoking in public places.
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Objective: To study the role of glucocorticoid i n the integration of sympathetic nervous system and cardiovascular activity. Methods: Neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were extracelluarly recorded and identified as the presympathetic neurons of adult rats. The spontaneous discharge of the presympathetic neurons in the RVLM were observed by bolus intravenous injection of corticosterone (50, 100, 150 μg/kg） . Results: The firing rate of 12 presympathetic neurons was incr eased by intravenous application of corticosterone (P<0.05), and this effect showed a dose-dependent manner. The latency of excitatory effect was (104±2 5) s. Conclusion: Corticosterone can rapidly excite the presym pathetic neurons in the RVLM, this action might be involved in the integration o f sympathetic nervous system through the “rapid membrane effects”.
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AIM To study the roles of non-genomi c mechanism of glucocorticoid in the integration of sympathetic nervous system. METHODS The spontaneous discharge of the identified cardiovascula r neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were extracellularly recor ded in urethane-anaesthetized rats. The effects of microiontophoresis of cortic ostersone sulfate (CORT) on the discharge of the cardiovascular neurons in the RVLM were observed. The responses of RU 486 (a blocker for cytosolic glucocortic oids) to the effects of CORT on the cardiovascular neurons were investigated. RESULTS Totally 33 cardiovascular neurons in the RVLM were recorded , the firing rate of 25 (76%) cardiovascular neurons increased by microiontophor esis of CORT. The effects of CORT were also positively correlated with the curre nt. In 8 (24%) cardiovascular neurons, microiontophoresis of CORT had no effect on their spontaneous discharge. In 12 of 33 cardiovascular neurons, which discha rge increased by CORT, microiontophoresis of RU 486 had no responses to the base line discharge of these cardiovascular neurons (P>0.05), but completely (3 neurons) or partially (9 neurons) blocked the excitatory effect induced by CORT. CONCLUSION CORT had rapid excitatory effects on the cardiovascul ar neurons in the RVLM. RU 486 had no responses to the baseline activity of the cardiovascular neurons, and but completely or partially blocked the effect of CO RT on the cardiovascular neurons.
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0.05), but completely (3 neurons) or partially (9 neurons) blocked the excitatory effect induced by CORT. CONCLUSION CORT had rapid excitatory effects on the Caldiovascular neuronsin the RVLM. RU 486 had no responses to the baseline activity of the cardiovascular neurons, and but completely or partially blocked the effect of CORT on the cardiovascular neurons.