A Virtual Reality Platform for Context-Dependent Cognitive Research in Rodents / 神经科学通报·英文版

Animal survival necessitates adaptive behaviors in volatile environmental contexts. Virtual reality (VR) technology is instrumental to study the neural mechanisms underlying behaviors modulated by environmental context by simulating the real world with maximized control of contextual elements. Yet current VR tools for rodents have limited flexibility and performance (e.g., frame rate) for context-dependent cognitive research. Here, we describe a high-performance VR platform with which to study contextual behaviors immersed in editable virtual contexts. This platform was assembled from modular hardware and custom-written software with flexibility and upgradability. Using this platform, we trained mice to perform context-dependent cognitive tasks with rules ranging from discrimination to delayed-sample-to-match while recording from thousands of hippocampal place cells. By precise manipulations of context elements, we found that the context recognition was intact with partial context elements, but impaired by exchanges of context elements. Collectively, our work establishes a configurable VR platform with which to investigate context-dependent cognition with large-scale neural recording.

The NO inhibitory constituents from Illigera rhodantha / 药学学报

Sixteen compounds were isolated from the ethanol extract of Illigera rhodantha by silica gel, ODS, and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. These compounds were identified as (2R,3R)-2,3-dihydroxy-2-methylbutane-1,4-diyldibenzoate (1), p-hydroxyphenethyl trans-ferulate (2), 4-O-benzoyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol (3), N-trans feruloyl-3-methyldopamine (4), tribulusamide A (5), cryptomeridiol (6), teuclatriol (7), oleanolic acid (8), icario A2 (9), vanillic acid (10), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (11), gallic acid (12), ethyl gallate (13), chrysophanol (14), D-1-O-methyl-inositol (15), and hexadecanoic acid (16) based on their spectral data and physico-chemical properties. Compound 1 is an undescribed compound, of which its absolute configurations were determined by Mosher and ROESY methods; all the compounds except 10, 11 and 14 were isolated from Illigera genus for the first time. Compared with the positive control indomethacin, compounds 4-6, 8 and 9 inhibited significantly against the NO production in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.

Traditional Chinese medicine Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae from Guangdong and Xinhui textual criticism / 中国中药杂志

Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae is the traditional Chinese herbal medicine, and has been used for a long history. The authentic drug name Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae was rare in the Song Dynasty literature, but from the textual research of the authors, it was otherwise nicknamed as "real orange peel" or "real tangerine peel". These two names were ahead of the origin of Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae. Some scholars believe that the name Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae was from the Ming Dynasty Dr. Lishizhen's Compendium of Materia Medica. Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae has always had the bulk sales of Guangdong medicines and has been sold at home and abroad, with popularity among the doctors and the masses. In 2016, it was selected as one of 8 Lingnan herbal medicines in the first legislative protection medicines in Guangdong province. Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae is the top grade of Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae, and these two can often refer to each other. Especially in Qing Dynasty, Guangdong Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae often referred to Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae. Therefore, they have a common development grain, but Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae has a unique history of genuine regional drug. In October 2006, the National Quality Inspection Administration formally approved and announced that Xinhui Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae as one of national geographical indication products.

Study on effect of Jiangtang decoction on AGEs-RAGE and oxidative stress in KK-Ay mice / 中国中药杂志

To elucidate the efficacy of Jiangtang decoction(JTD) on AGEs-RAGE and oxidative stress in type 2 diabetic model KK-Ay mice. Fifty KK-Ay mice were randomly divided into 5 groups as follows： model group, metformin group, low-dose, medium-dose and high-dose of JTD group, with 10 C57BL/6J as normal group. All groups are orally administrated with equal distilled water, 250 mg•kg⁻¹ metformin hydrochloride, 2, 4,8 g•kg⁻¹ JTD, equal distilled water respectively, once per day for 12 weeks. Alanine aminotransferase(ALT), creatinine(CREA), urea nitrogen(BUN),advanced glycation end products(AGEs) and receptor of glycation end products(RAGE) in blood or urine were measured during the experiments. Furthermore, on the day of the sacrifice, kidney was collected, and electronic microscopy and immunohistochemistry were performed to evaluate the protective renal effect of JTD. In addition, the levels of AGEs, RAGE, Cata-lase(CAT) and superoxide dismutase(SOD) were assessed by Western blot, Real-time PCR or ELISA to analyze the efficacy of JTD. This study demonstrated that JTD might protect kidney of KK-Ay by down-regulating the expression of AGEs, RAGE and oxidative stress.

Progress of pediatric pain management and sedation in the emergency department / 中国小儿急救医学

Children usually come to emergency department accompanied with painful conditions and injuries.During the emergence care,additional painful,distressing or unpleasant diagnostic and therapeutic procedures may be required.Emergency doctors are anticipated to provide safe and effective analgesia and se-dation for children.This review summarized recent studies on the following aspects:make sure that children do not experience lengthened or additional pain when coming to emergency medical care;at triage use a com-posite pain assessment tool to assess;aim to provide effective analgesia at the first attempt-use the appropriate drug,dose,and route;choose painless modes of delivery(nasal route,flavoured syrups) if possible;reassess frequently pain scores to make sure that analgesia is effective and allow adequate time for it to work;use non-pharmacological and pharmacological modalities to manage pain;avoid the"routine"use of unnecessary painful invasive procedures;use topical,local and regional anaesthesia together with proper safe procedural se-dation to avoid further pain.

Relationship between autophagy and T2DM and intervention effect of traditional Chinese medicine / 中国中药杂志

Insulin resistance and insulin secretion deficiency are main machanisms in inducing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and mitochondria damage plays an important role in them. Research shows that autophagy is a self-protective mechanism of cells, which plays an important role in maintaining the normal structure and function of pancreatic β cells and improving insulin resistance. Previous studies show that traditional Chinese medicine can regulate cell autophagy to influence β cells and insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications. Thus this review will talk about the process of the relationship between autophagy and T2DM and the intervention effect of traditional Chinese medicine.

Research progress in hypoglycemic effect and mechanism of heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese materia medica / 中草药

Heat-toxin stagnation is regarded to be an important pathologic mechanism of diabetes mellitus (DM) in terms of traditional Chinese medicine. Treating DM with heat-clearing and detoxifying principle on the basis of syndrome differentiation proves to be effective. Heat-clearing and detoxifying Chinese materia medica can decrease blood sugar by protecting islet β-cell, improving insulin resistance, regulating glucose metabolism and lipid metabolism, regulating GLP-1, inflammatory cytokines, and intestinal microflora.

Analysis and elimination of troubleshooting to hitachi electron microscope H-600 / 中国医学装备

Exchange maintenance methods of Hitachi electron microscope H-600 faults, master the workflow of vacuum system, and improve maintenance level together. Analyzed some cases of troubleshooting to Hitachi electron microscope H-600, collected troubleshooting skills, and gives related solutions.

Studies of modifying effects of fullerene on ~(60)Co - γ irradiated zebrafish / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To evaluate the modification of C_(60) on the radiation effects of ~(60)Co-γ irradiation on zebrafish.Methods The adult and embryonic zebrafish were used as model organisms to examine the potential of C_(60) to elicit oxidative stress responses on the surviving rate,hatching rate and malformation occurrence,both upon exposure to light or in the dark.Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and DNA damage were examined as the possible underlying mechanism.Results 500 × 10~(-9) nano-C_(60) waterborne exposure could enhance the γ-irradiation effects by decreasing adult fish survival upon light exposure,which resulted in ROS and DNA damage increasing.The hatching rates were also inhibited with higher malformation,though dark exposure did not make any enhancement,except that the 5000× 10~(-9) C_(60) would inhibit larvae hatching and induced more malformation.Conclusions Waterborne nano-C_(60) exposure may enhance the radiation effects on zebrafish,ROS production and DNA damage increasing may be the underlying mechanism.

Comparative analysis of the pathogens responsible for hospital acquired and community acquired late onset neonatal septicemia / 中华儿科杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Late onset neonatal septicemia (systemic infection after 72 hours of life) remains a major cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality. Early treatment with appropriate antibiotics is critical since infected infants can deteriorate rapidly. The aim of this study was to review the pathogens responsible for late onset neonatal septicemia (LONS) and their antimicrobial susceptibilities in order to guide the initial selection of appropriate antibiotics for infants with suspected LONS.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>A retrospective chart review of all cases with LONS seen in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) of Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical College from January 1, 2002 to December 31, 2005 was conducted. All cases were selected based on the clinical presentation and at least one positive result of blood culture. The basic clinical characteristics and the results of blood culture and antimicrobial susceptibilities were analyzed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>A total of 102 cases with LONS were identified. Among those 102 cases, 80 were community acquired (infants admitted from home and the blood culture was done on admission) and 22 were hospital acquired (infants became sick while in the NICU and the blood culture was done prior to use of antibiotics). The clinical presentations were non-specific. Compared to the infants with community acquired LONS, infants with hospital acquired LONS were usually born more prematurely (mean gestational age 33 +/- 3 vs 39 +/- 2 wks, t = 2.255, P < 0.01), with lower weight (mean weight 1.79 +/- 0.70 vs 3.23 +/- 0.67 kg, t = 8.818, P < 0.01) and with younger age (mean age 12 +/- 6 vs 16 +/- 7 days, t = 7.581, P < 0.05). Of the 102 cases, a total of 103 strains of bacteria were isolated. Among the pathogenic bacteria isolated, the most common were coagulase-negative Staphylococcus (CoNS) (50/103, 48.5%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (16/103, 15.5%). The main pathogens for community acquired LONS were Staphylococcus species and Escherichia coli. The most important pathogen responsible for hospital acquired LONS was Klebsiella pneumoniae. Most (> 80%) of the Staphylococcus especially CoNS were resistant to common antibiotics such as penicillin, erythromycin and cefazolin. Significant numbers (6/9) of Staphylococcus aureus isolated were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). However, all of the Staphyloccus isolates were sensitive to vancomycin. Almost all (15/16) of the Klebsiella pneumoniae isolated were multi-drug resistant due to production of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs). They were sensitive only to a few antibiotics such as carbapenems, aminoglycosides and quinolones. There was also one strain of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Furthermore, there was no a single case of late onset neonatal sepsis due to infection with group B Streptococcus (GBS).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The clinical manifestations of late onset neonatal sepsis are usually non-specific. GBS is not a significant pathogen responsible for community acquired LONS in the Wenzhou area. There are increasing numbers of multi-drug resistant bacterial species isolated from the newborn infants with late onset neonatal septicemia, which is most likely due the non-restricted use of antibiotics in the hospitals as well as in the communities. A routine blood culture should be taken from any newborn infant who is suspected of LONS and empirical use of appropriate antibiotics should be initiated as soon as the blood specimen for culture has been drawn. To reduce the occurrence of multi-drug resistant bacteria, the use of antibiotics especially the third generation cephalosporins in neonates should be restricted as much as possible.</p>