Real-World Experience of Nivolumab in Non-small Cell Lung Cancer in Korea / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

Purpose@#The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors represents a major advance in the treatment of lung cancer, allowing sustained recovery in a significant proportion of patients. Nivolumab is a monoclonal anti–programmed death cell protein 1 antibody licensed for the treatment of locally advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after prior chemotherapy. In this study, we describe the demographic and clinical outcomes of patients with advanced NSCLC treated with nivolumab in the Korean expanded access program. @*Materials and Methods@#Previously treated patients with advanced non-squamous and squamous NSCLC patients received nivolumab at 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks up to 36 months. Efficacy data including investigator-assessed tumor response, progression data, survival, and safety data were collected. @*Results@#Two hundred ninety-nine patients were treated across 36 Korean centers. The objective response rate and disease control rate were 18% and 49%, respectively; the median progression-free survival was 2.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.87 to 3.45), and the overall survival (OS) was 13.2 months (95% CI, 10.6 to 18.9). Patients with smoking history and patients who experienced immune-related adverse events showed a prolonged OS. Cox regression analysis identified smoking history, presence of immune-related adverse events as positive factors associated with OS, while liver metastasis was a negative factor associated with OS. The safety profile was generally comparable to previously reported data. @*Conclusion@#This real-world analysis supports the use of nivolumab for pretreated NSCLC patients, including those with an older age.

High-Dose Thoracic Re-irradiation of Lung Cancer Using Highly Conformal Radiotherapy Is Effective with Acceptable Toxicity / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Thoracic re-irradiation (re-RT) of lung cancer has been challenged by the tolerance doses of normal tissues. We retrospectively analyzed local control, overall survival (OS) and toxicity after thoracic re-RT using highly conformal radiotherapy, such as intensity modulated radiotherapy and stereotactic body radiotherapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Thirty-one patients who received high-dose thoracic re-RT were analyzed. Doses were recalculated to determine biologically equivalent doses. The median interval to re-RT was 15.1 months (range, 4.4 to 56.3 months), the median initial dose was 79.2 Gy₁₀ (range, 51.75 to 150 Gy₁₀), and the median re-RT dose was 68.8 Gy₁₀ (range, 43.2 to 132 Gy₁₀). RESULTS: Eighteen (58.1%) and eleven (35.5%) patients showed loco-regional recurrence and distant metastasis, respectively, after 17.4 months of median follow-up. The 1-year and 2-year local control rates were 60.2% and 43.7%, respectively. The median loco-regional recurrence-free-survival (LRFS) was 15.4 months, and the median OS was 20.4 months. The cumulative and re-RT biologically equivalent dose for α/β=10 (BED₁₀) doses were the most significant prognostic factors. Cumulative BED₁₀ ≥145 Gy₁₀ and re-RT BED₁₀≥68.7 Gy₁₀ were significantly associated with longer OS (p=0.029 and p=0.012, respectively) and LRFS (p=0.003 and p=0.000, respectively). The most frequent acute toxicity was grade 1-2 pulmonary toxicity (41.9%). No acute grade 3 or higher toxicities occurred. CONCLUSION: Our results show that high-dose thoracic re-RT of lung cancer can be safely delivered using highly conformal radiotherapy with favorable survival and acceptable toxicity. An optimal strategy to select patients who would benefit from re-RT is crucial in extending the indications and improving the efficacy with a sufficiently high dose.

Ipilimumab Real-World Efficacy and Safety in Korean Melanoma Patients from the Korean Named-Patient Program Cohort / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Ipilimumab improves survival in advanced melanoma patients. However, the efficacy and safety of ipilimumab has not been evaluated in Asian melanoma patients with a high frequency of mucosal and acral melanoma subtypes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Advanced melanoma patients treated with 3 mg/kg ipilimumab in a Korean multicenter named-patient program (NPP) were evaluated between September 2014 and July 2015. Baseline characteristics and blood parameters including neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) were assessed, and outcome and adverse events were evaluated according to subtypes. RESULTS: A total of 104 advanced melanoma patients were treated. The primary sites were acral (31.7%), mucosal (26%), cutaneous (26%), uveal (9.6%), and unknown (6.7%). Sixty-eight patients (65.4%) experienced adverse events, and the most common toxicity was skin rash (22.1%), 10 patients (9.6%) experienced adverse events of grade 3 or higher. The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 2.73 months (95% confidence interval, 2.67 to 2.85), and there was no difference in PFS according to subtypes. Poor performance status, liver metastasis, and NLR (≥ 5) were independent poor prognostic factors by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: In the Korean NPP cohort, ipilimumab showed similar efficacy and tolerability compared to Western patients, regardless of subtypes. All subtypes should benefit from ipilimumab with consideration of performance status, liver metastasis, and NLR.

Interstitial Lung Change in Pre-radiation Therapy Computed Tomography Is a Risk Factor for Severe Radiation Pneumonitis / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: We examined clinical and dosimetric factors as predictors of symptomatic radiation pneumonitis (RP) in lung cancer patients and evaluated the relationship between interstitial lung changes in the pre-radiotherapy (RT) computed tomography (CT) and symptomatic RP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Medical records and dose volume histogram data of 60 lung cancer patients from August 2005 to July 2006 were analyzed. All patients were treated with three dimensional (3D) conformal RT of median 56.9 Gy. We assessed the association of symptomatic RP with clinical and dosimetric factors. RESULTS: With a median follow-up of 15.5 months (range, 6.1 to 40.9 months), Radiation Therapy Oncology Group grade > or = 2 RP was observed in 14 patients (23.3%). Five patients (8.3%) died from RP. The interstitial changes in the pre-RT chest CT, mean lung dose (MLD), and V30 significantly predicted RP in multivariable analysis (p=0.009, p or = 2, > or = 3, or > or = 4 was higher in the patients with interstitial lung change (grade 2, 15.6% to 46.7%, p=0.03; grade 3, 4.4% to 40%, p=0.002; grade 4, 4.4% to 33.3%, p=0.008). Four of the grade 5 RP patients had diffuse interstitial change in pre-RT CT and received chemoradiotherapy. CONCLUSION: Our study identified diffuse interstitial disease as a significant clinical risk for RP, particularly fatal RP. We showed the usefulness of MLD, V20, V30, and NTCP in predicting the incidence and severity of RP.

The single institutional outcome of postoperative radiotherapy and concurrent chemoradiotherapy in resected non-small cell lung cancer

PURPOSE: This study was conducted to observe the outcomes of postoperative radiotherapy (PORT) with or without concurrent chemotherapy in resected non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in single institution. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From 2002 to 2013, 78 patients diagnosed with NSCLC after curative resection were treated with radiotherapy alone (RT, n = 48) or concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT, n = 30). The indications of adjuvant radiation therapy were N2 node positive (n = 31), close or involved resection margin (n = 28), or gross residual disease due to incomplete resection (n = 19). The median radiation dose was 57.6 Gy (range, 29.9 to 66 Gy). RESULTS: Median survival time was 33.7 months (range, 4.4 to 140.3 months). The 5-year overall survival (OS) rate was 49.5% (RT 46% vs. CCRT 55.2%; p = 0.731). The 3-year disease-free survival rate was 45.5% (RT 39.4% vs. CCRT 55.3%; p = 0.130). The 3-year local control rate was 68.1% (RT 64.4% vs. CCRT 77.7%; p = 0.165). The 3-year DMFS rate was 56.1% (RT 52.6% vs. CCRT 61.7%; p = 0.314). In multivariate analysis, age > or =66 years and pathologic stage III were significant poor prognostic factors for OS. Treatment failure occurred in 40 patients. Four patients had radiologically confirmed grade 3 radiation pneumonitis. CONCLUSION: In NSCLC, adjuvant RT or CCRT after curative surgery is a safe and feasible modality of treatment. OS gain was seen in patients less than 66 years. Postoperative CCRT showed a propensity of achieving better local control and improved disease-free survival compared to RT alone according to our data.

Integrin-linked kinase ILK and beta-catenin expression in colon polyps / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Signaling pathways via integrin-linked kinase (ILK) and beta-catenin are important in the initiation and progression of various malignant diseases. ILK modulates the transcription of beta-catenin and is implicated in cell migration and invasiveness. Recently, premalignant colon polyps were found to express ILK and beta-catenin. Therefore, we investigated the expression of ILK and beta-catenin in colon polyps according to the gross morphology and pathologic type. METHODS: Based on morphology, colon polyps (62) were classified as being a pedunculated polyp (Ip, 16), sessile polyp (Is, 22), or laterally spreading tumor (LST, 24). The colon polyps were classified pathologically as tubular adenomas (TAs, 47) and hyperplastic polyps (HPs, 15). The expression levels of ILK and beta-catenin in colon polyps and normal colon (6) were evaluated with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: In normal colon, ILK was not expressed, and beta-catenin stained in the cell membrane only. Based on the gross morphology of the colon polyps, no significant difference was seen in the expression of ILK and beta-catenin (p>0.05). The expression of both ILK and beta-catenin in TAs was greater than that in HPs (p<0.01): the greater the dysplasia in TAs, the more both ILK and beta-catenin were expressed (p<0.05). The grade of expression of ILK was correlated with that of beta-catenin in colon polyps (p<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The expression of ILK and beta-catenin did not differ according to the morphology of colon polyps, but was expressed more in TAs than in HPs, especially in severe dysplasia.

Gefitinib-Related Interstitial Pneumonia / 결핵및호흡기질환

Gefitinib is a novel drug used to treat advanced non-small cell lung cancer. However, drug-related interstitial pneumonia is a major life-threatening side effect, which has a worldwide prevalence of 0.3-0.4%. In Japan, the prevalence is high as 3-4% but the actual frequency in Korea has not been officially assessed. We report two cases of gefitinib-induced interstitial lung disease during the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. High-resolution computerized tomography (HRCT) of one case showed nonspecific ground glass opacity and the chest x-ray of another case showed diffuse bilateral ground glass opacity. The former patient showed a rapid good response to corticosteroid treatment whereas the latter died despite receiving aggressive treatment with high dose corticosteroid and empirical antibiotics.

Irinotecan, Continuous 5-Fluorouracil, and Low dose of Leucovorin (modified FOLFIRI) as First Line of Therapy in Recurrent or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer

BACKGROUND: Irinotecan, in combination with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) and a high dose of leucovorin (LV), known as FOLFIRI regimen, has shown activity in recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer. Therefore, we evaluated the efficacy and safety of irinotecan, 5-FU and a low dose of LV (modified FOLFIRI) as a first line of therapy for patients with relapsed or metastatic colorectal cancer. METHODS: Between January 2002 and October 2004, 44 patients with histologically confirmed recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer were enrolled. The chemotherapy regimen schedule consisted of 180 mg/m2 of irinotecan being administered intravenously (i.v) on Day 1, 400 mg/m2 of 5-FU via i.v bolus with 600 mg/m2 of continuous infusion for 22 hrs on both Day 1 and 2, and 20 mg/m2 of leucovorin on both Day 1 and 2, repeated every two weeks. RESULTS: The overall response rate was 47.8%. Of the 40 evaluated patients, one had CR (2.3%) and 20 had PR (46.5%). Toxicities were mild and easily manageable. Three patients experienced 23 episodes of Grade 3/4 leukopenia., Only one patient developed Grade 3/4 diarrhea. None experienced Grade 3/4 thrombocytopenia. CONCLUSION: Modified FOLFIRI with a low dose of LV is an effective and tolerable regimen for patients with recurrent or metastatic colorectal cancer.

A Case of Myasthenia Gravis Associated with Extrathymic Malignant lymphoma / 대한혈액학회지

Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease involving neuromuscular junction. It can be associated with thymic hyperplasia, thymoma and various tumors involving thymus, but extrathymic malignant lymphoma associated with myasthenia gravis has been rarely reported. We experienced a 62-year-old woman diagnosed with ocular myasthenia gravis associated with small lymphocytic lymphoma without thymic involvement. She had complete remission after 6 cycles of chemotherapy, and symptoms of myasthenia gravis were completely resolved.

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Tegafur Administered with Epirubicin and Cisplatin in Patients with Advanced Gastric Cancer / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: Tegafur, an oral prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), has been used in the treatment of gastric cancers. UFT (tegafur + uracil) has been developed to enhance the efficacy of tegafur. This study was conducted to assess the pharmacokinetics (PK) of tegafur in gastric cancer patients given the ECU-E regimen (epirubicin, cisplatin, UFT-E, an enteric-coated formula of UFT). A preliminary evaluation of antitumor efficacy and toxicity of ECU-E regimen was also performed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Of the 32 gastric cancer patients registered for the ECU-E regimen, 8 participated in the PK study. The plasma concentration of tegafur was determined using HPLC. RESULTS: Seven out of the 8 patients were evaluable for response after 2 cycles, and showed 3 partial responses, 1 stable disease and 3 progressive diseases. No major toxicities were observed. Plasma profiles of the tegafur after the first dose showed significant differences in the amount and rate of absorption, i.e., rapid absorption group vs. slow absorption group. The level of C(max) in the rapid absorption group was 1.8 fold higher, and the AUC(0-5h) 4 fold greater, than those in the slow absorption group, nonetheless, the steady state concentrations showed no significant difference. These data indicate that the different absorption rates may not affect the overall exposure to tegafur. The patients with low Cp(ss, peak) showed poor efficacy compared to those with high Cp(ss, peak), suggesting that the concentration of tegafur may be one of the pharmacodynamic determinants in patients administered with ECU-E. CONCLUSION: This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics of tegafur in gastric patients given the ECU-E regimen, and provides preliminary data on the relationship between the plasma tegafur level and the efficacy, which warrants further evaluation.

Effect of Vinorelbine, Ifosfamide and Cisplatin Combination Chemotherapy in Stage III-IV Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

PURPOSE: To evaluate the response rates, toxicitiesy, and survival rates, to vinorelbine (Navelbine(R)), cisplatin and ifosfamide combination chemotherapy, of the patients with inoperable NSCLC (stage III and IV), who received vinorelbine (Navelbine(R)), cisplatin, ifosfamide combinationthe mentioned chemotherapy every 4 weeks. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 26 patients with inoperable NSCLC (stage III and IV), who attended St. Vincent's Hospital Bbetween April 1999 and December 2001, 26 patients were included at St.Vincent's Hospital. The chemotherapy regimen consisted of vinorelbine (25 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8), ifosfamide (1,500 mg/m2 on days 1- and 2 with mesna), and cisplatin (30 mg/m2 on days 1- to 3). The cycles were administered every 4 weeks. A 25% reduction in the doses reduction was applied into subsequent courses if there werewas grade 3~4 neutropenia. RESULTS: The median age was 63 (range, 44~73) years and the male : to female ratio was 19 : 7. One patient had stage IIIa, 6 had stage IIIb and 19 had stage IV. Twenty two patients had an ECOG performance status of 0 or 1, andwith 4 hadhave one of 2. Eighteen of the patients had adenocarcinoma, 7 had squamous cell carcinomas, and 1 had an undifferentiated NSCLC. Two patients were innot able to be evaluatedble due to follow-up loss. Among Of the 24 patients able to be evaluatedble patients, 1 patient had a complete response and 9 patients hada partial responses, and thewith an overall response rate wasof 41.7%. During a total of 104 cycles, grade 3 neutropenia occurred in 29%, grade 4 neutropenia in 12%, grade 3~4 thrombocytopenia in 4%, grade 3 anemia in 11%, and grade 3~4 mucositis in 2%. The mean time to progression was 6.4 months (range 1~13) and the median overall survival was 10 months (range 1.5~32). CONCLUSION: The combination of vinorelbine, ifosfamide and cisplatin, in the dose and schedule employed in this study, shows an response rate of 41.7%, but, because grade 3- or 4 neutropenia occurred in 41%, a careful investigation is needed.

Detection of Epstein-barr virus by PCR and expression of LMP1, p53, CD44 in gastric cancer / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various lymphoproliferative disorders and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Recently some of the tumor cells of gastric cancer were observed to contain EBV sequence. We detected EBV using PCR to determine the frequency of EBV associated gastric cancer, which is the most common cancer in Korea. We also performed immunohistochemical staining for the latent membrane protein (LMP1), p53 and CD44 to investigate the possible mechanism in EBV-associated gastric cancer. METHODS: Eighty-seven formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks (40 gastric adenocarcinomas, 34 adjacent normal tissues, 13 metastatic lymph nodes) from 40 surgically resected gastric specimens were studied. All patients were diagnosed as having gastric cancer at the Kang-Nam St. Mary's Hospital during the period of April 1995 to April 1997. DNA was extracted from each paraffin block and then we performed PCR and immunohistochemical staining for the LMP1, p53 and CD44. We reviewed the patients' charts for clinical information. RESULTS: EBV was detected in 4 cases (10%) by EBV-PCR among the 40 patients. It was also detected in a metastatic lymph node in 1 patient. The immunohistochemical staining for the LMP1, p53 and CD44 was negative in all the EBV-positive cancer patients. Of the patients having these cancers, 2 had a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a lymphoepithelioma-like morphology. CONCLUSION: The frequency of EBV-associated gastric cancer may be about 10% in Korea. Considering the negative result of the immunohistochemical staining for the LMP1, p53 and CD44, EBV-associated gastric cancer seems to have a different mechanism of tumorigenesis from ordinary gastric cancer or other EBV-associated cancers. This must be determined by further large scale studies.

Detection of Epstein-barr virus by PCR and expression of LMP1, p53, CD44 in gastric cancer / 대한내과학회지

BACKGROUND: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various lymphoproliferative disorders and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Recently some of the tumor cells of gastric cancer were observed to contain EBV sequence. We detected EBV using PCR to determine the frequency of EBV associated gastric cancer, which is the most common cancer in Korea. We also performed immunohistochemical staining for the latent membrane protein (LMP1), p53 and CD44 to investigate the possible mechanism in EBV-associated gastric cancer. METHODS: Eighty-seven formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded blocks (40 gastric adenocarcinomas, 34 adjacent normal tissues, 13 metastatic lymph nodes) from 40 surgically resected gastric specimens were studied. All patients were diagnosed as having gastric cancer at the Kang-Nam St. Mary's Hospital during the period of April 1995 to April 1997. DNA was extracted from each paraffin block and then we performed PCR and immunohistochemical staining for the LMP1, p53 and CD44. We reviewed the patients' charts for clinical information. RESULTS: EBV was detected in 4 cases (10%) by EBV-PCR among the 40 patients. It was also detected in a metastatic lymph node in 1 patient. The immunohistochemical staining for the LMP1, p53 and CD44 was negative in all the EBV-positive cancer patients. Of the patients having these cancers, 2 had a poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a lymphoepithelioma-like morphology. CONCLUSION: The frequency of EBV-associated gastric cancer may be about 10% in Korea. Considering the negative result of the immunohistochemical staining for the LMP1, p53 and CD44, EBV-associated gastric cancer seems to have a different mechanism of tumorigenesis from ordinary gastric cancer or other EBV-associated cancers. This must be determined by further large scale studies.

The Relation between Acute Adriamycin induced Cardiomyopathy and Apoptosis in rat : Study using 15 MHz High Frequency Transducer

No abstract available.

Transthoracic Echocardiographic Assessment of Adriamycin-induced Cardiomyopathy in Rats with a 15 MHz Transducer

BACKGROUND: Adriamycin (doxorubicin) is one of the widely used drugs in the treatment of a variety of solid and hematologic malignancies. However, the adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy limits the prolonged use of this effective drug. Transthoracic echocardiography is the excellent tool in early detection and follow-up studies of adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy. The aim of this study was to assess the cardiac function and morphology using a 15 MHz high-frequency imaging in rats. METHODS: Adriamycin was administrated intraperitoneally by six equal injections at a dose of 2.5 mg/kg over a period of 2 weeks for total cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg body weight in 12 male Sprague-Dawley rats (weight 367+/-39 g). Transthoracic echocardiography with a 15 MHz linear-array transducer was performed at baseline and additionally at 3 weeks to measure the left ventricular wall thickness and dimension from the parasternal short axis view with 2D guided M-mode and pulsed Doppler signals of mitral inflow. Within 2 days of echocardiography, the heart was harvested for electron microscopic evaluation after potassium-induced cardiac arrest. RESULTS: 1) The mortality rate during the experimental period was 0%. 2) Transthoracic echocardiography provided adequate 2D guided M-mode images and pulsed Doppler signals of mitral inflow in all rats. 3) In follow-up echocardiography, pericardial effusion was detected in 7out of 12 rats (58%). 4) Compared to baseline, end-diastolic dimensions were increased from 7.01+/-0.69 to 7.74+/-1.25 mm (p<0.001), end-systolic dimensions were increased from 4.13+/-0.69 to 5.22+/-1.12 mm (p<0.05), and interventricular septal and posterior wall thickness at end-systole and end-diastole were significantly decreased (p<0.05, respectively). 5) Fractional shortening was decreased from 43.0+/-6.8 to 32.7+/-8.0%, compared to baseline (p<0.05). 6) E/A ratio of mitral inflow changed significantly from 1.63+/-0.36 to 2.78+/-1.0, compared to baseline (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: Adriamycin administration at total cumulative dose of 15 mg/kg body weight over 2 weeks creates a reliable model of non-ischemic dilated cardiomyopathy in rats with a high success rate. Transthoracic echocardiography using a 15 MHz transducer provides adequate images for assessing the cardiac function and morphology in follow-up studies in adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy of rats. These results suggest that transthoracic echocardiography using a 15 MHz Transducer is a promising tool for an assessment of adriamycin-induced cardiomyopathy in small animals.

Nasal angiocentric lymphoma with hemophagocytic syndrome

OBJECTIVES: Hemophagocytic syndrome (HS) is a fatal complication of nasal angiocentric lymphoma (AL) and difficult to distinguish from malignant histiocyosis. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated HS is frequently observed in lymphoma of T-cell lineage and EBV is highly associated with nasal AL. Clinicopathologic features of 10 nasal ALs with HS were reviewed to determine the clinical significance and the pathogenetic association with EBV. METHODS: Ten patients of HS were identified from a retrospective analysis of 42 nasal ALs diagnosed from 1987 to 1996. Immunohistochemical study and in situ hybridization were performed on the paraffin-embedded tumor specimens obtained from 10 patients. Serologic study of EBV-Ab was performed in 3 available patients. RESULTS: Five patients had HS as initial manifestation, 3 at the time of relapse and 2 during the clinical remission of AL. Four patients were treated by combination chemotherapy (CHOP) and others had only supportive care. The median survival of all patients with HS was 4.1 months (range 2 days-36.5 months) and all had fatal outcome regardless of the treatment-modality. All cases were positive for UCHL1 (CD45RO) and EBV by EBER in situ hybridization. The data of serologic tests indicated the active EBV infection. CONCLUSIONS: HS is a fatal complication of nasal AL and has a high association with EBV. Reactivation of EBV may contribute to HS and further investigation of predictive factors and effective treatment of HS should be pursued in the future.

A case of very slowly progressed pneumonic consolidation / 결핵

Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma is originated from the periphery of the lung and can be mistaken for lobar pneumonia or atypical pneumonia clinically and at gross examination. Recently the authors experienced a 67-year-old woman who had slowly progressed pulmonary lesions for four years. At first, she visited this hospital for intermittent chest pain four years before. And she visited other hospitals for the same problem and had a series of evaluation including two times of biopsy but did not have any conclusive diagnosis. With aggravation of chest pain, she was referred to this hospital again and the lesion was reexamined and confirmed as bronchioloalveolar carcinoma by ultrasonography-guided needle biopsy. Being performed left lower lobectomy, she kept good condition without any complication.

Pericardial effusion in malignant cancer patients / 대한암학회지

No abstract available.

Chemotherapy induced severe neutropenia / 대한암학회지

No abstract available.