RESUMO
@#Age-related macular degeneration(ARMD)is a progressive fundus disease which seriously damages the vision and visual function. It is one of the important causes of blindness in the elderly. With the development of aging population, ARMD has become a serious public health problem. With the continuous research of scholars at home and abroad, it is found that ARMD is often affected by a variety of risk factors, such as age, heredity, environment, diet and so on. Understanding the risk factors of ARMD and taking effective preventive measures are of great significance to reduce the incidence of ARMD and delay the disease progression. This article makes a brief review on the risk factors of ARMD.
RESUMO
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely malignant disease, which has an extremely low survival rate of <9% in the United States. As a new hallmark of cancer, metabolism reprogramming exerts crucial impacts on PDAC development and progression. Notably, arginine metabolism is altered in PDAC cells and participates in vital signaling pathways. In addition, arginine and its metabolites including polyamine, creatine, agmatine, and nitric oxide regulate the proliferation, growth, autophagy, apoptosis, and metastasis of cancer cells. Due to the loss of argininosuccinate synthetase 1 (ASS1) expression, the key enzyme in arginine biosynthesis, arginine deprivation is regarded as a potential strategy for PDAC therapy. However, drug resistance develops during arginine depletion treatment, along with the re-expression of ASS1, metabolic dysfunction, and the appearance of anti-drug antibody. Additionally, arginase 1 exerts crucial roles in myeloid-derived suppressor cells, indicating its potential targeting by cancer immunotherapy. In this review, we introduce arginine metabolism and its impacts on PDAC cells. Also, we discuss the role of arginine metabolism in arginine deprivation therapy and immunotherapy for cancer.