The role of glucose metabolism reprogramming and its targeted therapeutic agents in inflammation-related diseases / 药学学报

Cells undergo glucose metabolism reprogramming under the influence of the inflammatory microenvironment, changing their primary mode of energy supply from oxidative phosphorylation to aerobic glycolysis. This process is involved in all stages of inflammation-related diseases development. Glucose metabolism reprogramming not only changes the metabolic pattern of individual cells, but also disrupts the metabolic homeostasis of the body microenvironment, which further promotes aerobic glycolysis and provides favourable conditions for the malignant progression of inflammation-related diseases. The metabolic enzymes, transporter proteins, and metabolites of aerobic glycolysis are all key signalling molecules, and drugs can inhibit aerobic glycolysis by targeting these specific key molecules to exert therapeutic effects. This paper reviews the impact of glucose metabolism reprogramming on the development of inflammation-related diseases such as inflammation-related tumours, rheumatoid arthritis and Alzheimer's disease, and the therapeutic effects of drugs targeting glucose metabolism reprogramming on these diseases.

Development of an in vitro screening method for idiosyncratic hepatotoxic components in traditional Chinese medicine: a case study with Epimedii Folium and Psoraleae Fructus / 药学学报

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) has long posed a challenging and pivotal concern in pharmaceutical research. The complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has introduced a bottleneck in current research, hindering the elucidation of the component basis associated with IDILI in TCM. Using Epimedii Folium (EF) and Psoraleae Fructus (PF) as illustrative examples, this study endeavors to establish an in vitro evaluation model, providing a high-throughput and preliminary assessment method for screening components related to TCM-induced IDILI. A TNF-α-mediated HepG2 susceptible model was first established in this study, with the focus on the index components present in EF and PF. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell supernatant served as the detection index. A concentration-toxicity response curve was constructed, and the hepatotoxic components of EF and PF were identified utilizing the synergistic toxicity index. The LDH results unveiled the hepatotoxic effects of bavachin, backuchiol, isobavachin, neobavaisoflavone, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, icarisid I, and icarisid II on both normal and susceptible cells, categorizing these 8 components as both direct hepatotoxicity components and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity components. Bavachin and neobavaisoflavone exhibited no hepatotoxicity on normal cells but demonstrated significant effects on susceptible cells, designating them as potential idiosyncratic susceptible hepatotoxicity components. The study further delineated that 10 EF components and 3 PF components were direct immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Additionally, 14 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components were identified, encompassing 10 EF components and 4 PF components, with neobavaisoflavone, bavachinin, and isobavachin being potential idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Synergistic toxicity index results indicated that 13 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components (except anhydroicaritin) combined with bavachin demonstrated synergistic hepatotoxicity on susceptible cells. Notably, 3 idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components combined with bavachin exhibited synergistic hepatotoxicity, with neobavaisoflavone displaying the highest synergistic toxicity index and bavachinin the lowest. In summary, this methodology successfully screens hepatotoxic and immune-promoting hepatotoxic components in EF and PF, distinguishing the types of components inducing hepatotoxicity, evaluating the hepatotoxicity degree of each component, and elucidating the synergistic relationships among them. Importantly, these findings align with the characteristics of IDILI. The method provides an effective model tool for the fundamental research of TCM-related IDILI components.

Spatial-temporal Distribution and Influencing Factors of Late Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS Based on Bayes Spatial-temporal Model / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

ObjectivesTo analyze the spatial and temporal clustering characteristics and related influencing factors of late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in Lanzhou， to identify its high-risk areas and time trends in Lanzhou， and to provide a theoretical basis for developing targeted HIV/AIDS prevention and control strategies in Lanzhou. MethodsThe subjects of this study were adult HIV/AIDS cases reported in Lanzhou City between 2011 and 2018. Data used in the study were sourced from the Lanzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention and the Lanzhou Statistical Yearbook. To analyze the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of the relative risk （RR） of late HIV/AIDS diagnosis， Bayes spatial-temporal model was used. ResultsA total of 1984 new HIV/AIDS cases were reported in Lanzhou from 2011 to 2018， with an mean age of 37.51 years and predominantly male （91.8%）. The number of late diagnosis cases was 982， with an mean age of 39.67 years and a predominance of males （91.8%）. Late diagnosis was more common in older individuals and women with HIV/AIDS. Chengguan District （51.1%）， Anning District （50.3%） and Yuzhong County （51.9%） had an above-average proportion of late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. The proportion of late diagnosis cases in Lanzhou showed a fluctuating upward trend from 2011 to 2018. The results of Bayes spatial-temporal model showed that the risk of late HIV/AIDS diagnosis in Lanzhou had fluctuated from 2011 to 2015， and then increased rapidly after 2015 ［RR （95% credibility interval， 95%CI） increased from 1.01 （0.84， 1.23） to 1.11 （0.77， 1.97）］； the trends of risk of late diagnosis in Honggu district and three counties were similar to the overall trend in Lanzhou city， while the risk of late diagnosis in Chengguan District and Qilihe District showed a decreasing trend. The regions with the RR for late diagnosis greater than 1 included Yongdeng County （RR=1.07， 95% CI： 0.55， 1.96）， Xigu District （RR=1.04， 95% CI： 0.67， 1.49）， Chengguan District （RR=2.41， 95% CI： 0.85， 6.16）， and Qilihe District （RR=2.03， 95% CI： 1.10， 3.27）. Besides， the heatmap analysis showed that Chengguan District and Qilihe District were the hot spots. The influencing factors analysis showed that the higher GDP per capita （RR=0.65， 95% CI： 0.35， 0.90） and the larger proportion of males with HIV/AIDS cases （RR=0.53， 95% CI： 0.19， 0.92） could lead to the lower the relative risk of late HIV/AIDS diagnosis. However， the higher the population density （RR=1.35， 95% CI： 1.01， 1.81） caused the higher the risk of late diagnosis. ConclusionOur study shows the risk of late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS in Lanzhou was on the rise， and there are significant regional differences. GDP per capita， the proportion of males in HIV/AIDS cases and population density are influencing factors in the late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. Therefore， for regions with a high risk of late diagnosis or related risk factors， targeted HIV screening and prevention services should be given priority in order to reduce the proportion and risk of late diagnosis of HIV/AIDS.

Capacity building in schistosomiasis control institutions in China: a cross-sectional study / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To understand the current status of capacity building in schistosomiasis control institutes in schistosomiasis-endemic provinces (municipality, autonomous region) of China. Methods The responsibilities and construction requirements of various schistosomiasis control institutions were surveyed by expert discussions, and field interviews and visits during the period between May and June, 2023, and the questionnaire for capacity maintenance and consolidation in schistosomiasis control institutions was designed. An online questionnaire survey was conducted in county-, municipal-, and provincial-level institutions that undertook schistosomiasis control and surveillance activities through the Wenjuanxing program. The distribution of schistosomiasis control institutions, the status of institutions, departments and staff undertaking schistosomiasis control activities and the translation of scientific researches on schistosomiasis control in China were analyzed. The laboratories accredited by China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) were considered to be capable for testing associated with schistosomiasis control, and the testing capability of schistosomiasis control institutions was analyzed. Results A total of 486 valid questionnaires were recovered from 486 schistosomiasis control institutions in 12 endemic provinces (municipality, autonomous region) of China, including 12 provincial-level institutions (2.5%), 77 municipal-level institutions (15.8%) and 397 county-level institutions (81.7%). Of all schistosomiasis control institutions, 376 (77.4%) were centers for disease control and prevention or public health centers, 102 (21.0%) were institutions for schistosomiasis, endemic disease and parasitic disease control, and 8 (1.6%) were hospitals, healthcare centers or others. There were 37 713 active employees in the 486 schistosomiasis control institutions, including 5 675 employees related to schistosomiasis control, and the proportions of employees associated with schistosomiasis control among all active employees were 5.9% (231/3 897), 5.5% (566/10 134), and 20.6% (4 878/23 682) in provincial-, municipal-, and county-level institutions, respectively. There were 3 826 full-time employees working in schistosomiasis control activities, with 30.5% (1 166/3 826), 34.6% (1 324) and 34.9% (1 336/3 826) at ages of 40 years and below, 41 to 50 years and over 50 years, and there were 1 571 (41.0%) full-time schistosomiasis control employees with duration of schistosomiasis control activities for over 25 years, and 1 358 (35.5%) employees with junior professional titles and 1 290 with intermediate professional titles (35.5%), while 712 (18.6%) full-time employees working in schistosomiasis control activities had no professional titles. The three core schistosomiasis control activities included snail control (26.3%, 374/1 420), epidemics surveillance and management (25.4%, 361/1 420) and health education (18.8%, 267/1 420) in schistosomiasis control institutions. The Kato-Katz method, miracidium hatching test with nylon gauzes, and indirect haemagglutination assay (IHA) were the most commonly used techniques for detection of schistosomiasis, and there were less than 50% laboratories that had capabilities or experimental conditions for performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), dipstick dye immunoassay (DDIA), dot immunogold filtration assay (DIG-FA), loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. During the period from 2018 to 2022, schistosomiasis control institutions had undertaken a total of 211 research projects for schistosomiasis control, with a total funding of 18.596 million RMB, published 619 articles, participated in formulation of 13 schistosomiasis control-related criteria, and applied for 113 schistosomiasis control-related patents, including 101 that were granted, and commercialized 4 scientific research outcomes. Conclusions The proportion of independent specialized schistosomiasis control institutions is low in schistosomiasis control institutions in China, which suffers from problems of unsatisfactory laboratory testing capabilities, aging of staff and a high proportion of low-level professional titles. More investment into and intensified schistosomiasis control activities and improved capability building and talent cultivation in schistosomiasis control institutions are recommended to provide a powerful support for high-quality elimination of schistosomiasis in China.

Interpretation of the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030) / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

On June 16, 2023, National Disease Control and Prevention Administration of the People’s Republic of China, in collaboration with other ministries, formulated and issued the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030). The implementation of this plan provides an important basis for achieving the targets set in the “Healthy China 2030” action plan and the implementation of the rural revitalization strategy. This paper describes the background, principles, targets, control strategies, safeguard measures and effectiveness evaluation of the plan, in order to guide the scientific and standardized implementation of actions for schistosomiasis elimination at the grassroots level, and facilitate the progress towards elimination of schistosomiasis in China with a high quality.

High-quality acceleration of the Chinese national schistosomiasis elimination programme to advance the building of Healthy China / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

The goal of achieving elimination of schistosomiasis across all endemic counties in China by 2030 was proposed in the Outline of the Healthy China 2030 Plan. On June 16, 2023, the Action Plan to Accelerate the Elimination of Schistosomiasis in China (2023—2030) was jointly issued by National Disease Control and Prevention Administration and other 10 ministries, which deployed the targets and key tasks of the national schistosomiasis elimination programme in China. This article describes the progress of the national schistosomiasis control programme, analyzes the opportunities to eliminate schistosomiasis, and proposes targeted recommendations to tackle the challenges of schistosomiasis elimination, so as to accelerate the process towards schistosomiasis elimination and facilitate the building of a healthy China.

Association between congenital hypothyroidism and in-hospital adverse outcomes in very low birth weight infants / 中华儿科杂志

Objective: To investigate the association between congenital hypothyroidism (CH) and the adverse outcomes during hospitalization in very low birth weight infants (VLBWI). Methods: This prospective, multicenter observational cohort study was conducted based on the data from the Sino-northern Neonatal Network (SNN). Data of 5 818 VLBWI with birth weight <1 500 g and gestational age between 24-<37 weeks that were admitted to the 37 neonatal intensive care units from January 1st, 2019 to December 31st, 2022 were collected and analyzed. Thyroid function was first screened at 7 to 10 days after birth, followed by weekly tests within the first 4 weeks, and retested at 36 weeks of corrected gestational age or before discharge. The VLBWI were assigned to the CH group or non-CH group. Chi-square test, Fisher exact probability method, Wilcoxon rank sum test, univariate and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the relationship between CH and poor prognosis during hospitalization in VLBWI. Results: A total of 5 818 eligible VLBWI were enrolled, with 2 982 (51.3%) males and the gestational age of 30 (29, 31) weeks. The incidence of CH was 5.5% (319 VLBWI). Among the CH group, only 121 VLBWI (37.9%) were diagnosed at the first screening. Univariate Logistic regression analysis showed that CH was associated with increased incidence of extrauterine growth retardation (EUGR) (OR=1.31(1.04-1.64), P<0.05) and retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) of stage Ⅲ and above (OR=1.74(1.11-2.75), P<0.05). However, multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed no significant correlation between CH and EUGR, moderate to severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia, grade Ⅲ to Ⅳ intraventricular hemorrhage, neonatal necrotizing enterocolitis in stage Ⅱ or above, and ROP in stage Ⅲ or above (OR=1.04 (0.81-1.33), 0.79 (0.54-1.15), 1.15 (0.58-2.26), 1.43 (0.81-2.53), 1.12 (0.70-1.80), all P>0.05). Conclusion: There is no significant correlation between CH and in-hospital adverse outcomes, possibly due to timely diagnosis and active replacement therapy.

Influencing Factors of Cross-cultural Communication between Medical Professionals and Patients and Ways to Improve Competence / 中国医学伦理学

In order to build a global community of health for all, it is necessary to deeply understand the influencing factors of cross-cultural communication between medical professionals and patients. Factors such as different health beliefs, cultural values and communication mediators influence cross-cultural communication between medical professionals and patients, and then affect the medical satisfaction and treatment compliance. Medical education should adopt the learning concept of constructivism, advocate maintaining a humble cultural attitude, incorporate more patient perspectives and adopt cross-cultural teaching mode to improve the cross-cultural communication competence of medical students and medical staff, so as to establish a relationship based on communication and understanding.

A Case Report of MYH9 Gene Mutation Associated with Glomerular Minor Lesion / 罕见病研究

Non-muscle myosin heavy chain 9-related disease (MYH9-RD) is an autosomal dominant disease caused by the mutations of the MYH9 gene encoding the non-muscle mysoin heavy chain ⅡA and leads to abnormal accumulation of myosin in cells. These further causes functional disorders of the blood, eye, ear, kidney, and liver systems. MYH9-RD displays heterogeneous kidney involvement and outcomes, but doctors still lack understandings of the mechanism and treatment strategies, owing to difficulty of conducting renal biopsies. Here, we report a case of MYH9-RD with tail fragments heterozygous mutation, which renal pathology is presented as glomerular minor lesion. Moreover, we reviewed related relevant to strengthen clinical diagnosis and understanding of MYH9-RD.

Research progress of MicroRNA in hypertension and its target organ damage / 中国药理学通报

Hypertension is a risk factor for a variety of cardiovascular diseases, which is an important public health problem in the world today. MiRNAs are a class of highly conserved non-coding small RNAs. In recent years, studies have found that miRNAs are involved in the occurrence and development of hypertension through a variety of ways, causing damage to the important target organs of hypertension, such as heart, brain and kidney. This article reviews the research progress of miRNA in hypertension in recent years, in order to clarify its role in the process of hypertension and target organ damage, and provide ideas for exploring new therapeutic targets of hypertension.

Evaluation of the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 in patients with aplastic anemia undergoing immunosuppressive therapy: a prospective cohort study (NICHE) / 中华血液学杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinical features of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in patients with aplastic anemia (AA) undergoing immunosuppressive therapy (IST) . Methods: In this prospective cohort study, we collected the demographic and clinical data of patients with AA and COVID-19 from December 1, 2022, to January 31, 2023. We described the clinical features of COVID-19 among patients with AA and evaluated the effects of IST on the signs and severity of COVID-19. Results: A total of 170 patients with AA and COVID-19 were included. The common early symptoms, including fever, dizziness or headache, muscle or body aches, and sore throat, disappeared within 1-2 weeks. Approximately 25% of the patients had persistent fatigue within 2 weeks. Many patients experienced cough after an initial 1-3 days of infection, which lasted for more than 2 weeks. There were no differences in the duration of total fever episodes and maximum body temperature when patients were stratified according to whether or not they underwent IST, by IST duration, or by use of anti-lymphocyte globulin (ALG) (P>0.05). No differences were observed in the occurrence of symptoms in either the early or recovery stages when patients with AA were stratified according to whether or not they underwent IST, or by IST duration (P>0.05). However, patients who received ALG had fewer fever episodes within 1 week after infection (P=0.035) and more sore throat episodes within 2 weeks after infection (P=0.015). There were no other significant differences in clinical symptoms between patients who did and patients who did not receive ALG (P>0.05) . Conclusion: The majority of patients with AA and COVID-19 recovered within 2 weeks of noticing symptoms when treated with IST.

Current immune therapeutic strategies in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

Immune escape mechanisms in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) can disrupt every step of the anti-cancer immune response. In recent years, an increased understanding of the specific mechanisms fueling immune escape has allowed for the development of numerous immunotherapeutic treatments that have been introduced into the clinical practice. The advent of immunotherapy has dramatically changed the current treatment landscape of advanced or metastatic NSCLC because of its durable efficacy and manageable toxicity. In this review, we will first present a brief overview of recent evidence on immune escape mechanisms in NSCLC. We will then discuss the current promising immunotherapeutic strategies in advanced or metastatic NSCLC tumors.

Correlation analysis of body composition and thyroid function in different genders of T2DM based on propensity score matching / 西安交通大学学报(医学版)

【Objective】 To investigate the correlation between body composition and thyroid function indicators in type 2 diabetic patients with euthyroidism of different genders. 【Methods】 Type 2 diabetic patients with euthyroidism who were hospitalized in the Endocrinology Department of The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiaotong University from February 2016 to September 2018 were enrolled in this study. Bioelectric impedance analysis was used to measure body composition, and the thyroid function indicators (FT3, FT4, and TSH) were tested. The male and female subjects were matched according to the ratio of 2:1 using the propensity score matching method, and the correlation between body composition and thyroid function indicators was studied in different genders by correlation analysis. 【Results】 The basal metabolic rate, trunk fat mass, fat-free mass, fat-free mass index, bone mass, water mass, total body muscle mass, skeletal muscle mass, and skeletal muscle index were positively correlated with FT3 in male patients (P<0.05). The percentage of body fat mass and fat mass index were positively correlated with FT3 and TSH (P<0.05), and the percentages of lean mass, water mass, and total body muscle mass were negatively correlated with FT3 and TSH (P<0.05), and the basal metabolic rate was negatively correlated with FT4 (P<0.05) in female. 【Conclusion】 In euthyroid type 2 diabetic patients, the correlation between body composition and thyroid function indicators are different between males and females. In males, only FT3 is positively correlated with basal metabolic rate, trunk fat mass, and fat free-related composition; while in females, both FT3 and TSH are positively correlated with fat-related composition, but negatively correlated with fat-free-related composition.

Bibliometrics and visual analysis based on blood donor cohort study / 中国输血杂志

【Objective】 To analyze the relevant studies on blood donor cohort and explore the current research status, research hotspots and development trends of blood donor cohort studies abroad. 【Methods】 Based on the Web of Science Core Collection, the literature related to blood donor cohort was searched. After screening and data processing, bibliometric analysis was carried out from the volume of literature trends, disciplines, authors, institutional distribution and other aspects of the included literature. At the same time, CiteSpace 5.6R5 software was used to carry out visual analysis of countries/regions, literature co-citation, keyword co-occurrence, keyword clustering and keyword emergence. Results A total of 672 papers (654 research papers, 18 review papers) were included. The total number of papers published in the field of blood donor cohort study showed a steady upward trend since 1991, the fastest growth was between 2019 and 2020. The top three cited authors were Kaaks R (1 301 citations), Rinaldi S (1 186 citations) and Riboli E (1 130 citations); the top three institutions were RLUK library in the UK, the University of California and the University of Copenhagen; the top three countries/regions in the volume of literature were the United States (176 papers), Germany (64 papers) and France (54 papers), and they all co-operated closely with other countries. The top five keywords were "blood donor" , "prevalence" , "infection" , "risk" and "antibody" . A total of 19 clusters were obtained by keyword cluster analysis, it was reflected in the immune mechanism and prevalence of blood-borne diseases, the relationship between blood donation behavior and non-communicable disease and its influencing factors, and the classification of the characteristics of blood donors. "Non-hepatitis B" was the keyword with the greatest burst intensity. The keywords that have burst out in recent years and continue to this day include "donation" , "seroprev-alence" , "donor" and "management" . Conclusion At present, the cohort study of blood donors has been paid more and more attention in the world, and its research trends mainly focus on the study of transfusion-transmitted disease risk. However, more researches begin to pay attention to the health problems and influencing factors of blood donors or recipients, which provides the research ideas and directions for establishing cohort study among blood donors in China.

Molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in hilly regions / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To establish a snail control approach for spraying chemicals with drones against Oncomelania hupensis in complex snail habitats in hilly regions, and to evaluate its molluscicidal effect. Methods The protocol for evaluating the activity of spraying chemical molluscicides with drones against O. hupensis snails was formulated based on expert consultation and literature review. In August 2022, a pretest was conducted in a hillside field environment (12 000 m2) north of Dafengji Village, Dacang Township, Weishan County, Yunnan Province, which was assigned into four groups, of no less than 3 000 m2 in each group. In Group A, environmental cleaning was not conducted and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group B, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with drones at a dose of 40 g/m2, while in Group C, environmental cleaning was not conducted and 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules were sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2, and in Group D, environmental cleaning was performed, followed by 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules sprayed with knapsack sprayers at a dose of 40 g/m2. Then, each group was equally divided into six sections according to land area, with Section 1 for baseline surveys and sections 2 to 6 for snail surveys after chemical treatment. Snail surveys were conducted prior to chemical treatment and 1, 3, 5, 7 days post-treatment, and the mortality and corrected mortality of snails, density of living snails and costs of molluscicidal treatment were calculated in each group. Results The mortality and corrected mortality of snails were 69.49%, 69.09%, 53.57% and 83.48%, and 68.58%, 68.17%, 52.19% and 82.99% in groups A, B, C and D 14 days post-treatment, and the density of living snails reduced by 58.40%, 63.94%, 68.91% and 83.25% 14 days post-treatment relative to pre-treatment in four groups, respectively. The median concentrations of chemical molluscicides were 37.08, 35.42, 42.50 g/m2 and 56.25 g/m2 in groups A, B, C and D, and the gross costs of chemical treatment were 0.93, 1.50, 0.46 Yuan per m2 and 1.03 Yuan per m2 in groups A, B, C and D, respectively. Conclusions The molluscicidal effect of spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones against O. hupensis snails is superior to manual chemical treatment without environmental cleaning, and chemical treatment with drones and manual chemical treatment show comparable molluscicidal effects following environmental cleaning in hilly regions. The cost of chemical treatment with drones is slightly higher than manual chemical treatment regardless of environmental cleaning. Spraying 5% niclosamide ethanolamine salt granules with drones is recommended in complex settings with difficulty in environmental cleaning to improve the molluscicidal activity and efficiency against O. hupensis snails.

Distribution characteristics of emerging and reemerging Oncomelania hupensis in China from 2015 to 2021 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Objective To analyze the distribution characteristics of emerging and reemerging Oncomelania hupensis snails after the criteria for transmission control of schistosomiasis were achieved in China, so as to provide insights into assessment of schistosomiasis transmission risk and formulation of snail control strategies during the elimination phase. Methods O. hupensis survey data in China from 2015 to 2021 were collected from the National Schistosomiasis Pevention and Control Information Management System, and the distribution characteristics of emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were descriptively analyzed. Results Emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were identified in China each year from 2015 to 2021, with relatively larger areas with emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snail habitats in 2016 and 2021, and relatively higher numbers of counties (districts) where emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were detected in 2016 and 2021. A total of 4 586.30 hm2 of emerging O. hupensis snail habitats were found in 10 schistosomiasis-endemic provinces of China (except Fujian and Yunnan Provinces) from 2015 to 2021, with 96.80% in Anhui, Hunan and Hubei provinces, where marshland and lake endemic foci were predominant. A total of 21 023.90 hm2 of reemerging O. hupensis snail habitats were found in 12 schistosomiasis-endemic provinces of China from 2015 to 2021, with 97.67% in six provinces of Hubei, Sichuan, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, Yunnan and Anhui, where marshland and lake and hilly endemic regions were predominant. Emerging snail habitats were found in 15.08% of all schistosomiasisendemic counties (districts) in China from 2015 to 2021, and 78.75% of all emerging snail habitats were identified in 11 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts), with the largest area of emerging snail habitats found in Lixian County, Hunan Province (645.00 hm2). Reemerging snail habitats were found in 47.67% of all schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts) in China from 2015 to 2021, and 43.29% of all reemerging snail habitats were identified in 11 schistosomiasis-endemic counties (districts), with the largest area of reemerging snail habitats found in Weishan Li and Hui Autonomous County of Hunan Province (1 579.70 hm2). Conclusions Emerging and reemerging O. hupensis snails were identified in China each year from 2015 to 2021, with much larger areas of reemerging snail habitats than emerging snail habitats, and larger numbers of schistosomiasis-endemic provinces and counties (districts) with reemerging snails were found that those of provinces and counties (districts) with emerging snails. Specific snail control interventions are required tailored to the causes of emerging and reemerging snail habitats. Both emergence and reemergence of O. hupensis snails should be paid attention to in marshland and lake endemic areas, and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Shanghai Municipality and Zhejiang Province where schistosomiasis had been eliminated, and reemergence of O. hupensis snails should be given a high priority in hilly areas. In addition, monitoring of O. hupensis snails should be reinforced in snail-free areas after flooding.

Intense pulsed light combined with meibomian gland massage and diquafosol sodium eye drops in the treatment of lipid deficiency / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM:To explore the efficacy of intense pulsed light combined with meibomian gland massage and diquafosol eye drops in lipid deficiency dry eye disease and related cytokines.METHODS: A total of 511 patients(1 022 eyes)with lipid deficiency dry eye diagnosed in the ophthalmology clinic of our hospital from January to December 2021 were selected as the research objects. They were divided into two groups according to the patient's wishes: 294 cases(588 eyes)in the study group were treated with diquafosol sodium eye drops combined with intense pulsed light and meibomian gland massage, while 217 cases(434 eyes)in the control group were treated with artificial tears combined with intense pulsed light and meibomian gland massage. The levels of tear tumor necrosis factor-α(TNF-α), interleukin-1β(IL-1β)and lactoferrin(LF)before and after treatment were detected, the corneal fluorescein staining(CFS)score, tear film break-up time(BUT), and Schirmer Ⅰ(SⅠt)under no surface anesthesia, ocular surface disease index(OSDI)were compared, the correlation between TNF-α, IL-1β, LF levels and CFS, BUT, SⅠt, OSDI before treatment was analyzed, and the occurrence of adverse reactions was observed.RESULTS: There was no significant difference in preoperative OSDI, SⅠt, BUT, CFS and levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and LF between the two groups(P&#x003E;0.05). The SⅠt, BUT, CFS and levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and LF in the study group at 3, 6 and 9wk after treatment were better than those of control group(P&#x003C;0.05). There were no differences in OSDI score of both groups at 9wk after treatment(P&#x003E;0.05). The TNF-α and IL-1β were negatively correlated with SⅠt and BUT, while they were positively correlated with CFS and OSDI; LF and SⅠt were positively correlated with SⅠt and BUT, while they were negatively correlated with CFS and OSDI(all P&#x003C;0.01); The adverse reaction rate of the study group(5.78%)was significantly lower than that of the control group(11.52%; P&#x003C;0.05).CONCLUSION: Intense pulsed light combined with meibomian gland massage and diquafosol sodium eye drops is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of lipid deficiency dry eye.

Research progress on ferroptosis regulated by glycolysis-fatty acid metabolism in metabolic diseases / 药学学报

In metabolic diseases, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress are closely associated with ferroptosis. As a key regulatory factor, the imbalance between glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism can participate in ferroptosis directly or indirectly, thereby regulating the occurrence and development of various metabolic diseases. The essence of ferroptosis is a new regulatory cell death mode, which is caused by the excessive accumulation of iron-dependent lipid peroxide. It is closely related to glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism, which plays an important role in metabolic diseases. This regulatory cell death mode is significantly distinguished from other programmed cell death modes and has unique changes in cell morphology, symbolic characteristics and mechanisms. This paper first illustrates the main mechanism of glycolysis and fatty acid metabolism imbalance in the occurrence of ferroptosis, then reviews the research progress of ferroptosis in tumor, diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis and other metabolic diseases, and finally reveals the internal connection between glycolysis-fatty acid metabolism imbalance and ferroptosis, as well as its impacts on metabolic diseases, which provide new strategies for the prevention and treatment of metabolic diseases.

Effect of salidroside on choroidal thickness and expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α, dopamine and its receptor in guinea pigs with myopia / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

AIM: To examine the effects of salidroside on choroidal thickness, hypoxia-inducible factor-1α(HIF-1α), dopamine(DA)and its D1 receptor expression in guinea pigs with lens-induced myopia(LIM).METHODS: A total of 18 two-week-old guinea pigs were randomly divided into the normal control(NC)group, the LIM group, and the LIM + salidroside(LIM+SA)group, with 6 guinea pigs in each group. The guinea pigs in the NC group were fed normally and intragastrically administered with 2 mL/d saline; those in the LIM group wore a -5D lens in front of their right eyes to establish a myopia model, then they were intragastrically administered with 2 mL/d saline. Finally, those in the LIM+SA group wore glasses along with intragastric administration of 2 mL/d salidroside at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The refraction, axial length, and choroidal thickness of guinea pigs in each group were measured 4wk following the establishment of the model. In addition, the relative mRNA expression and protein content of HIF-1α in the choroid and retina of guinea pigs in each group were detected by real-time quantitative PCR(qPCR)and immunohistochemistry(IHC). Finally, the DA concentration and its D1 receptor expression were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay(ELISA)and Western blot.RESULTS: At 4wk after model establishment, guinea pigs of LIM group and LIM+SA group exhibited increased negative refraction of the right eye, prolonged axial length, and decreased choroidal thickness compared to the NC group. The relative mRNA expression and protein content of HIF-1α in the choroid and retina of the guinea pigs increased. The concentration of DA and the expression of its D1 receptor both decreased. Moreover, compared to the LIM group, the diopter of the right eye of guinea pigs in LIM+SA group significantly reduced, the axial length was shorter, the thickness of choroid increased, the relative mRNA expression and protein content of HIF-1α in the choroid and retina decreased and the concentration of DA and the expression of its D1 receptor both increased.CONCLUSION: Salidroside can delay myopia progression in myopic guinea pigs by affecting choroidal thickness and the expression of HIF-1α, DA and its D1 receptor.

Progress of schistosomiasis control in People’s Republic of China in 2022 / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

This report presented the endemic status of schistosomiasis and analyzed the data collected from the national schistosomiasis prevention and control system and national schistosomiasis surveillance program in the People’s Republic of China in 2022. Among the 12 provinces (municipality and autonomous region) endemic for schistosomiasis, Shanghai Municipality, Zhejiang Province, Fujian Province, Guangdong Province and Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region continued to maintain the achievements of schistosomiasis elimination, and Sichuan and Jiangsu provinces maintained the criteria of transmission interruption, while Yunnan, Hubei, Anhui, Jiangxi and Hunan provinces maintained the criteria of transmission control by the end of 2022. A total of 452 counties (cites, districts) were found to be endemic for schistosomiasis in China in 2022, with 27 434 endemic villages covering 73 424 400 people at risk of infections. Among the 452 endemic counties (cities, districts), 75.89% (343/452), 23.45% (106/452) and 0.66% (3/452) achieved the criteria of elimination, transmission interruption and transmission control of schistosomiasis, respectively. In 2022, 4 317 356 individuals received serological tests for schistosomiasis, and 62 228 were sero-positive. A total of 208 646 individuals received stool examinations for schistosomiasis, with one positive and another two cases positive for urine microscopy, and these three 3 cases were imported schistosomiasis patients from Africa. There were 28 565 cases with advanced schistosomiasis documented in China by the end of 2022. Oncomelania hupensis snail survey was performed in 18 891 endemic villages in China in 2022 and O. hupensis snails were found in 6 917 villages (36.62% of all surveyed villages), with 8 villages identified with emerging snail habitats. Snail survey was performed at an area of 655 703.01 hm2 and 183 888.60 hm2 snail habitats were found, including 110.58 hm2 emerging snail habitats and 844.35 hm2 re-emerging snail habitats. There were 477 200 bovines raised in the schistosomiasis endemic areas of China in 2022, and 113 946 bovines received serological examinations for schistosomiasis, with 204 sero-positives detected. Among the 131 715 bovines received stool examinations, no positives were identified. In 2022, there were 19 726 schistosomiasis patients receiving praziquantel chemotherapy, and expanded chemotherapy was performed in 714 465 person-time for humans and 234 737 herd-time for bovines in China. In 2022, snail control with chemical treatment was performed at an area of 119 134.07 hm2, and the actual area of chemical treatment was 65 825.27 hm2, while environmental improvements were performed at an area of 1 163.96 hm2. Data from the national schistosomiasis surveillance program of China showed that the mean prevalence of Schistosoma japonicum infections was both zero in humans and bovines in 2022, and no S. japonicum infection was detected in O. hupensis snails. These data demonstrated that the endemic status of schistosomiasis continued to decline in China in 2022, with 3 confirmed schistosomiasis patients that had a foreign nationality and all imported from Africa, and the areas of snail habitats remained high. Further improvements in the construction of the schistosomaisis surveillance and forecast system, and reinforcement of O. hupensis survey and control are required to prevent the re-emerging schistosomiasis.