The status and health risk assessment of dietary fipronil contamination among 20 provinces of China / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To understand the status and health risk assessment of dietary fipronil contamination among 20 provinces of China.@*Methods@#A total of 13 kinds of dietary samples in Chinese total diet study include cereals, legumes, potatoes, meats, eggs, aquatics, dairies, vegetables, fruits, sugars, beverages and water, alcohols, condiments and their corresponding products. Among them, condiments were used in the preparation of 12 other sample categories; thus, the actual mixed dietary samples of each province covered 12 groups. A total of 240 mixed dietary samples were collected from 20 provinces in China from 2009 to 2013. After the sample extraction and cleanup, dietary samples were analyzed for the residues of fipronil and its metabolites to obtain the contamination levels of fipronil residues using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The dietary intake of adult residents was estimated based on food consumption of general population of China.@*Results@#Among the 240 dietary samples, the detection rate of fipronil was 10.4% (25 samples), and the detection rates of fipronil metabolites, i.e. fipronil desulfinyl, fipronil sulfone and fipronil sulfide were 20.4% (49 samples), 40.0% (96 samples) and 8.8% (21 samples), respectively. According to the dietary exposure analysis, the average lower and upper dietary exposure levels of fipronil residues in adult residents of China were 11.34 and 12.35 ng·kg-1·d-1, accounting for 5.7% and 6.2% of acceptable daily intake (ADI), respectively. The highest adult dietary intake of fipronil residues was found in Hunan province, with a value of 72.98 ng·kg-1·d-1, accounting for 36.5% of ADI. Vegetables were the main dietary source of fipronil residues, which contributed to 71.0% of the total intake dose.@*Conclusion@#Fipronil residues were detected in varying degrees in dietary samples, yet the health risk caused by the dietary intake of adult residents among 20 provinces of China is low.

Review on methods in the disease burden assessment attributable to household air pollution / 中华预防医学杂志

In the past decades, people's work and life styles have dramatically changed during the rapid economic development and urbanization in China. A national survey reported that Chinese adults spend an average of 81% of daily time in indoor environment. Exposure to indoor air pollution plays key roles for human health but is likely to be neglected due on the relatively lower concentration levels and lower awareness among common people. Till now, published studies focus more on the pollution levels or the toxicological effects of indoor air pollutants but there is a lack of disease burden assessment attributable to indoor air pollution. In this review, several international studies were introduced on the disease burden estimation attributable to indoor air pollution, as well as the estimation methods. The current situation of national study was also reviewed. The strengths and limitations of the representative international studies were discussed. This review is helpful in providing data to guide the research on disease burden assessment attributable to indoor air pollution in China, and further helps to prioritize the indoor air pollution control based on disease burden ranking among pollutants and motivate public policies to protect the public health.

Comparison of food allergy prevalence of food allergy in children with or without bronchial asthma in cite of China / 中华实用儿科临床杂志

Objective To explore the prevalence and clinical characteristics of food allergy in bronchial asth-matic children less than 14 years old in China. Methods A case - controlled study was designed. The questionnaires were given to children,who were diagnosed to be asthmatic during the national epidemiological survey of asthma in chil-dren in 31 cities from September 2009 to August 2010. Non - asthmatic children,matched with the cases in age and gender,were selected during the same survey as control subjects if they were matched with the cases in age and sex. In-formation regarding the food allergen and symptom of food - induced anaphylaxis was analyzed. The difference in food allergy was compared between children with or without bronchial asthma. Results As a result,9235 asthmatic children and 11391 control subjects were enrolled in the case - control study. There were 14. 66％(1354 / 9235 cases)of the asthmatic children who had food allergy,compared to 3. 99％(455 / 11391 cases)of the non - asthmatics children, and the findings showed a significant difference (χ2 = 725. 25,P < 0. 001). The most common food allergens were fish and shrimp in both groups,and the difference was not significant [44. 09％ (597 / 1354 cases)vs. 42. 20％ (192 / 455 cases),χ2 = 0. 50,P > 0. 05]. The rate of peanut allergy was 4. 58％ (62 / 1354 cases)and 1. 54％ (7 / 455 cases) (χ2 = 8. 58,P < 0. 05),respectively. And the rates of fruit allergy in the asthmatic group and the non - asthmatic group were 14. 03％(190 / 1354 cases)and 27. 69％(126 / 455 cases)(χ2 = 44. 01,P < 0. 05),respectively. Cutaneous and nasal symptoms were common clinical manifestations. The rates of rash,pruritus,and swelling sympions were 47. 27％(640 / 1354 cases)and 61. 32％(279 / 455 cases)(χ2 = 26. 90,P < 0. 001),respectively for asthmatic group and non -asthmatic group. Rates of nasal symptoms were 17. 13％(232 / 1354 cases)and 10. 55％(48 / 455 cases)(χ2 = 11. 29, P = 0. 001),respectively in the asthmatic group and the non - asthmatic groups. Respiratory symptoms,such as cough and wheezing,were 25. 33％(343 / 1354 cases)and 5. 49％(25 / 455 cases)(χ2 = 80. 72,P < 0. 001)in 2 groups. Twenty cases of 1354 asthmatic children had severe food allergy,while such severe conditions occurred only 1 child without asthma (455 cases)occurred severe condition (1. 48％ vs. 0. 22％,χ2 = 4. 96,P < 0. 05). Conclusion The-rate of food allergen sensitization is highly prevalent in the children with asthma. Compared to those without asthma, and their types of food allergen and clinical symptoms are different from the latter.

Epidemiology of food allergy in children from 31 cities in China / 国际儿科学杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of food allergy among children living in metropoli-ses aged 0-14 years. Methods In this cross-sectional study a questionnaire was distributed to parents taking care of children aged 0-14 years from China′s 31 metropolises to get the parents reported prevalence. Results A total of 337560 children aged 0-14 years participated in the survey. There are 19676 children reported with food aller-gy(5. 83%). In different regions,the parents reported prevalence of food allergy had significant difference(χ2 =657. 01,P<0. 001). It was highest in the eastern (7. 38%,5259) and the northeastern (7. 03%,2916) part of China,and was lowest in the northwestern part of China,which was 4. 35%. Of all the 31 surveyed metropolises, the parents reported prevalence of food allergy was highest in Qingdao,and lowest in Lhasa,which was 9. 11%(917/10066),and 2. 33% (116/4984)respectively. The prevalence of food allergy in males and females was 5. 87% and 5. 79% respectively,with no significant difference (χ2 =1. 078,P=0. 299). The prevalence of food allergy in preschool children (3-5 years old,6. 65%) was higher than other ages (χ2 =46. 469,P<0. 001). Of children reported to have food allergy,38. 5% had a history of eczema,23. 0% had a history of allergic rhinitis, and 37. 7% had a family history of allergic diseases. Conclusion The parents reported prevalence of food aller-gy among children 0-14 years old from 31 metropolises in China was 5. 83%. In different regions cities and a-ges,there′s significant difference of the reported prevalence. There′s no significant difference of parents reported prevalence between males and females. The study would have great significance in reflecting and evaluating the prevalence of food allergy among children.

Analysis of fipronil and metabolites residues distrubution in eggs / 中华预防医学杂志

Objective@#To compare the residual distribution of fipronil and its metabolites in white and yellow egg, and to analyze the residual changes of fipronil and its metabolites in raw and cooked samples, regarding the risk assessment of fipronil and its metabolites via consuming egg for different age groups.@*Methods@#The white egg and yellow egg were isolated from 10 egg samples containing fipronil residues. Samples were extracted with acetonitrile and purified, and determined by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. The chromatographic analysis was performed on a BEH C18 column with 0.1% acetic acid and acetonitrile as mobile phase with gradient elution, and external standard calibration was used for quantification. The negative ion acquisition mode was applied and quantitative analysis was carried out by using Full Scan/ddms2 model.@*Results@#The results showed that fipronil sulfone was the main residue detected in eggs; The content of fipronil sulfone in white egg was between 2.5 and 59.9 μg/kg, the median was 16.1 μg/kg; and the content of fipronil sulfone in yellow egg ranged from 81.5 and 1 526.0 μg/kg, with a median of 390.0 μg/kg. The ratio of fipronil sulfone in yellow egg to white egg ranged from 8.0 and 14.6. Compared with that observed in fresh egg, after heating or cooking, the content ratio of fipronil sulfone residue between cooked samples and raw samples from yellow egg was between 0.80 and 0.96, the median was 0.90; and the ratio from white egg ranged from 0.65 to 1.06, the median was 0.83. The conversion coefficient of fipronil sulfone (f) between white egg and yellow egg was 3.1.@*Conclusion@#Yellow egg is a major intake source of fipronil and metabolites residues, and there is no obvious change for fipronil sulfone residue in eggs after heating or cooking. The conversion coefficient of fipronil sulfone (f) between white egg and yellow egg lays the foundation for assessing the health risks of fipronil and metabolites residues through yellow egg intake in special population.

Epidemiology of food allergy in children from 31 cities in China / 国际儿科学杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence of food allergy among children living in metropoli-ses aged 0-14 years. Methods In this cross-sectional study a questionnaire was distributed to parents taking care of children aged 0-14 years from China′s 31 metropolises to get the parents reported prevalence. Results A total of 337560 children aged 0-14 years participated in the survey. There are 19676 children reported with food aller-gy(5. 83%). In different regions,the parents reported prevalence of food allergy had significant difference(χ2 =657. 01,P<0. 001). It was highest in the eastern (7. 38%,5259) and the northeastern (7. 03%,2916) part of China,and was lowest in the northwestern part of China,which was 4. 35%. Of all the 31 surveyed metropolises, the parents reported prevalence of food allergy was highest in Qingdao,and lowest in Lhasa,which was 9. 11%(917/10066),and 2. 33% (116/4984)respectively. The prevalence of food allergy in males and females was 5. 87% and 5. 79% respectively,with no significant difference (χ2 =1. 078,P=0. 299). The prevalence of food allergy in preschool children (3-5 years old,6. 65%) was higher than other ages (χ2 =46. 469,P<0. 001). Of children reported to have food allergy,38. 5% had a history of eczema,23. 0% had a history of allergic rhinitis, and 37. 7% had a family history of allergic diseases. Conclusion The parents reported prevalence of food aller-gy among children 0-14 years old from 31 metropolises in China was 5. 83%. In different regions cities and a-ges,there′s significant difference of the reported prevalence. There′s no significant difference of parents reported prevalence between males and females. The study would have great significance in reflecting and evaluating the prevalence of food allergy among children.

Perfluoroalkyl substances: emerging environmental contaminants involving potential health risk / 中华预防医学杂志

Perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been distributed in environment and human body worldwide. Due to their bioaccumulative and multiple organ toxic, these compounds have raised more and more attention in recent years. The precursors of PFASs can be metabolized to PFASs both in environment and human body, which makes an important contribution to human body burdens. Apart from transformation into PFASs, some of these precursors themselves or their metabolic intermediates also have toxicity effects, such as estrogen-like properties, protein binding, cytotoxicity and so on, and there might be a potential harmful impact on human health. In this paper, the toxicity and biotransformation of PFASs and their precursors were introduced briefly.

Analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances and their precursors in eighteen market milk / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the level of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and their precursors in 18 market milk samples of China.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The 18 milk samples were selected in 8 provinces of China, including Ningxia, Neimeng, Beijing, Tianjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Chongqing, and Guangdong. 8 PFASs and 11 PFAS precursors were measured by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadruple mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The dietary exposure assessment was made.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three PFASs were detected in milk samples which were PFOA, PFUdA, and PFOS. The numbers of detected samples were 5, 12, and 14, respectively. Their concentration ranges were < Limit of determination (LOD)-431.94 pg/ml, < LOD -15.95 pg/ml and < LOD -126.98 pg/ml, respectively. Three PFAS precursors were also found above the detection limits, namely, 4:2 FTS, 6:2 FTS, and 6:2 diPAP. Only one sample was detected 4:2 FTS at the concentration of 3.75 pg/ml. The detected samples of 6:2 FTS and 6:2 diPAP were 12 and 3. Their concentration ranges were < LOD -2.49 pg/ml and < LOD -24.56 pg/ml, respectively. The ranges estimated daily intake of PFOA and PFOS of the detected samples were 2.49 × 10⁻³-405.89 × 10⁻³ ng · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹ and 36.10 × 10⁻³-119.32 × 10⁻³ ng · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Our results suggested that there were different contamination levels of PFASs and their precursors in the 18 market milk produced from different regions in china. The estimated daily intake of PFASs from the milk in our study were far below the tolerable daily intake set by European Union (PFOS: 150 ng · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹, PFOA: 1 500 ng · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹).</p>

Analysis of perfluoroalkyl substances precursors in human milk from 12 provinces of China / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To explore the level of perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) precursors in Chinese human milk samples.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The human milk samples were collected during the performance of Stockholm convention on survey of human milk in China in 2007. Based on the geographical location and dietary habits, China was divided into the south area and north area which 6 provinces were chosen from each area and there were 12 provinces in all. In each province, one urban site and two rural sites were selected to collect 80-110 samples. Mothers were randomly selected in each site to collect their breast milk. There were 1 237 individual human milk samples in all. For each province, the individual samples from the urban areas and the rural areas were pooled separately resulting in 24 pooled human milk samples. 11 PFAS precursors were measured in pooled samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem quadruple mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The dietary exposure assessment of newborns was made.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three PFAS precursors were found above the detection limits, namely, 6:2 FTS, FHUEA, and 6:2 diPAP. Their concentration ranges were < Limit of determination (LOD) -47.46 pg/ml, < LOD -70.68 pg/ml and < LOD -35.08 pg/ml, respectively. The highest total PFAS precursor concentration 77.70 pg/ml was found in urban area samples from Shannxi Province. Rural area samples from Hubei had the lowest total PFAS precursor concentration, which was below the LOD. There were significant differences between rural and urban areas in many provinces, such as Shannxi (rural: 1.51 pg/ml; urban: 77.70 pg/ml), Shanghai (rural: 1.13 pg/ml; urban: 71.88 pg/ml), Jiangxi (rural: 65.39 pg/ml; urban: 0.55 pg/ml) and so on. The ranges estimated daily intake of 6:2 FTS, FHUEA and 6:2 diPAP of the samples from 12 provinces were 0.05-4.51, 1.13-6.72 and 1.15-3.34 ng · kg⁻¹ · d⁻¹.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The results suggested the human exposure of PFAS precursors in China and the potential health impact of postnatal exposure through breastfeeding to infants. The level of PFAS precursors showed differences in regions, rural and urban places.</p>

The application of UPLC-MS/MS to detect precursors of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluoroalkyl carboxylatesin serum / 中华预防医学杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>We established a method of UPLC-MS/MS that was to detect fifteen precursors of perfluoroalkyl sulfonates (PFSA) and perfluoroalkyl carboxylates (PFCA) in serum.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Briefly, TBAS solution was added to sera, then the mixed solution was extracted with aliquots of MTBE. The MTBE aliquots were combined, evaporated to dryness under nitrogen, and reconsituted in 0.25 ml of methanol and water (1:1). Then the reconstituted solution through 0.2 µm nylon syringe filter was collected. Chromatographic separation was performed using a Waters ACQUITY (TM) BEH ¹⁸C column (50 mm × 2.1 mm × 1.7 mm). Analyte quantitation was performed in the negative electrospray ionization mode and multiple reaction monitoring (MRM).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Three target substances, 6: 6PFPi, 6: 8PFPi, 8: 8PFPi, were externally confirmed by standard addition. Rates of recovery for these three chemicals were from 41.01% to 112.13% in two standard levels. And the relative standard deviations (RSD) were lower than 11.63% and higher than 1.80%. The other twelve substances were quantified with internal standard. Moreover in two standard levels, rate of recovery for these chemicals ranged from 70.25% to 127.51%. And RSD were more than 1.23% and less than 15.45%. And the corresponding limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) for all target substances were 0.1-5.0 pg/ml and 0.2-10.0 pg/ml. Then we detected these target substances in ten different human serum samples. The levels of few substances were higher than LOD. And the ranges of FOSA-M, N-EtFOSA-M, N-MeFOSAA, N-EtFOSAA were respectively < LOD-0.94 pg/ml, < LOD-10.08 pg/ml, < LOD-6.74 pg/ml, < LOD-1.04 pg/ml.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The method, with high sensitivity and accuracy, could meet the actual testing requirements.</p>

Particle-bound PCDD/Fs in the atmosphere of an electronic waste dismantling area in China / 生物医学与环境科学（英文）

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>Particulate samples from the atmosphere in an electronic waste dismantling area were collected to investigate the levels and sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs).</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Particulate samples including total suspended particulates (TSP) and particulate matter <2.5 μm diameter (PM(2.5)) were collected on selected non-rainy days in summer (Jul 10-12, 2006) and winter (Jan 11-13, 2007) from Fengjiang (FJ), an electronic waste (e-waste) dismantling area in eastern China, and an adjacent area Luqiao (LQ). The samples were analyzed by isotope dilution - high resolution gas chromatography / high resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS).</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>In FJ, the mean PCDD/F concentrations (mean TEQ values) were 280.6 pg Nm(-3) (3.432 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the TSP samples and 223.3 pg Nm(-3) (3.180 pg WHO-TEQ Nm(-3)) for the PM(2.5) samples. The total PCDD/F concentrations and TEQs in the PM(2.5) samples were about 66.8%-108.0% of the TSP samples, indicating that the fine particles contained higher levels of PCDD/Fs than coarse particles. The PCDD/F levels in FJ were much higher than those detected in common urban areas around the world, suggesting that the study area was heavily polluted by PCDD/Fs. Furthermore, the total average daily PCDD/F intake in FJ was estimated at 62.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for adults and 110.11 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1) for children, which greatly exceeds the WHO (1998) tolerable daily intake of 1-4 pg of WHO-TEQ kg(-1)·day(-1).</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The PCDD/F homologues and congener profiles confirmed that the PCDD/Fs in FJ originated from crude e-waste recycling activities. The severe dioxin pollution present in FJ has also substantially influenced the adjacent area of LQ through atmospheric transport. Open burning of medical waste was another source of PCDD/Fs identified in LQ.</p>