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Thyroid-associated ophthalmopathy(TAO)is a rare organ-specific autoimmune disease with an unclear pathogenesis. At present, the treatment still relies mainly on glucocorticoids and traditional immunosuppressants. However, some patients respond poorly to these drugs and experience treatment-related adverse reactions, highlighting the urgent need for novel drugs for TAO treatment. In recent years, with the deepening of research on the pathogenesis of TAO, a multitude of biologics targeting specific targets have emerged. Among them, teprotumumab, which targets the insulin-like growth factor-I receptor(IGF-IR), has been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of TAO, and several other biologics are currently in clinical trials. This review provides the latest reference for the clinical prevention, treatment, and research of TAO by summarizing the current clinical research status of biologics targeting IGF-IR, neonatal Fc receptor(FcRn), thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor(TSHR), B cells, cytokines, and other biological agents in TAO and analyzing their impact on clinical treatment and future research trends.
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Graves' ophthalmopathy is the most common clinical orbital disease, and T helper (Th) cells play an important role in the development of Graves' ophthalmopathy. Th17 cells are a major subpopulation of Th cells and abnormally highly expressed in patients with Graves' ophthalmopathy. Th17 cells and the related cytokines interleukin (IL)-17A, IL-21 and IL-23 are involved in regulating the inflammatory response, fibrosis and adipogenesis. Th17 cells are unstable and exhibit a degree of plasticity, and they can differentiate into IL-17A and interferon (IFN)-γ dual-producing Th17.1 cells, which exacerbate the pathogenicity of Th17 cells. In addition, Th17 cells and the relevant factors are strongly associated with disease activity and severity in Graves' ophthalmopathy.
Assuntos
Humanos , Citocinas , Células Th17 , Oftalmopatia de Graves , AdipogeniaRESUMO
Objective To compare the speech recognition by severe - to - profound hearing - impaired children using digital hearing aids and microlink FM system.Methods Hearing - impaired children were given respectively bilateral 100% omnidirection digital hearing aids, bilateral 100% omnidirection digital hearing aids and lateral FM system, bilateral 100% omnidirection digital hearing aids and bilateral FM system in noise and quiet environment. Speech recognition of these children was tested using different intensity.Results There was significant difference between children using microlink FM system and none FM system ( P