Evidence summary of recurrence prevention in patients with diabetic foot / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To retrieve, obtain and summarize the best evidence for the prevention of recurrence in patients with diabetic foot, and to provide reference for clinical practice.Methods:According to the "6S" model of evidence-based resources, JBI, UpToDate, BMJ Best Practice, Cochrane Library, International Working Group on the Diabetic Foot, International Diabetes Federation, National Istitute for Health and Clinical Excellence, PubMed, EmBase, China National Knowledge Internet, Wanfang and China Biology Medicine disc were searched by computer for the prevention of recurrence of diabetic foot patients. The retrieval time limit was from the establishment of the database to April 2022. Two researchers independently evaluated the included literature and extracted the literature that met the quality standards.Results:Totally 12 articles were included at last, including 5 guidelines, 3 expert consensus and 4 Meta-analysis. From the six dimensions of the necessity and risk factors of recurrence prevention in diabetic foot patients, decompression brace prevention, surgery and wound management prevention, nutritional therapy prevention, health education and lifestyle prevention, monitoring and analysis, 18 pieces of best evidence were summarized.Conclusions:The best evidence for the prevention of recurrence of diabetic foot patients was summarized to provide evidence-based basis for management decision makers and decision implementers to prevent recurrence of diabetic foot. In the process of practice, medical workers should also fully evaluate the promoting factors and hindering factors in order to ensure that evidence can be better applied to clinical practice and serve patients.

Evidenced summary for comprehensive detumescence treatment for lower limb lymphedema in patients with gynecological malignant tumor / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective:To evaluate and summarize the relevant evidence of comprehensive detumescence treatment of lower limb lymphedema in patients with gynecological malignant tumors, and to provide evidence-based basis for clinical intervention of comprehensive detumescence treatment of lymphedema.Methods:This study was an evidence - based nursing research. Databases such as BMJ Best Practice, UpToDate, PubMed, CNKI, Wanfang and other domestic and foreign databases, as well as websites such as the Australian Lymphology Society, the International Lymphedema, and the European Clinical Oncology Association were searched for relevant evidence and evaluation of comprehensive treatment of gynecological malignant tumor-related lower limb lymphedema. The search time was from the establishment of the database to April 1, 2022.Results:A total of 18 articles were included, including 2 guidelines, 5 systematic reviews, 4 expert consensus, 2 evidence summaries, 4 randomized controlled trials and 1 best practice. Twenty-eight evidence were summarized from 7 aspects : treatment cycle and edema stage, free-hand lymphatic drainage, graduated compression stockings, skin care, elastic socks, functional exercise and health education.Conclusions:The evidence summarized in this study can provide reference for clinical medical staff to formulate comprehensive treatment plans for lower limb lymphedema. Evidence-based practice should consider the individual status of patients and clinical scenarios, and provide personalized comprehensive treatment plans for patients with lower limb lymphedema of gynecological malignant tumors as soon as possible to improve the quality of life of patients.

Discussion on the factors influencing the curative effect of Tuina (Chinese massage) / 国际中医中药杂志

Tuina (Chinese massage) is an important part of Traditional Chinese Medicine. It is a simple and inexpensive technique, and has shown effectiveness for muscle and bone diseases, visceral diseases, gynecological diseases, and common diseases in children. This paper aims to analyze the factors influencing the effects of Tuina. The factors included the aspects of diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, patient factors and doctor-patient communication. During the treatment of Tuina, doctors should carry out good doctor-patient communication, properly evaluate and exam patients, and clarify diagnosis, take appropriate Tuina techniques according to the patients' constitution, health condition, and comorbidity. Only in such way, could Tuina achieve effectiveness and safety.

Analysis on Pediatric Sick Role and Doctor-patient Relationship Based on Parsons’ Theory of "Sick Role" / 中国医学伦理学

With the development of medicine technology and the increasing of people’s demand for quality of life, the complexity of doctor-patient relationships is also increasing. Pediatrics is one of the departments with the most concentrated and complex doctor-patient conflicts, therefore, it is necessary to analyze the sick roles and doctor-patient relationships in pediatrics. This paper explained the connotation of the sick role and the doctor-patient social interaction pattern based on Parsons’ theory of "sick role", and analyzed the particularity of the pediatric sick roles in China according to China’s national conditions. Meanwhile, combining the group characteristics and social background of pediatric sick role, this paper elaborated the sociological crux of pediatric doctor-patient relationship in China, and conducted a critical analysis on Parsons’ theory of "sick role".

Application of artificial intelligence in the diagnostic imaging of glaucoma / 中华实验眼科杂志

Along with the continuous renewal of computer technology, artificial intelligence (AI) has been widely and gradually applied in the medical field of medicine.Research concerning machine learning and deep learning for making ophthalmological diagnosis is expanding.As glaucoma is an irreversible, blinding disease, early diagnosis and treatment are extremely important for improving patients' prognosis.Currently, AI is mainly combined with several auxiliary examinations (fundus photography, visual field tests, optical coherence tomography, etc.) to diagnose and treat glaucoma.AI models are built to segment, classify, and predict the results of image examinations, which is helpful for making diagnoses and predicting glaucoma progression.With the development of algorithms and technologies, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of diagnosis gradually improve.Diagnosing and treating glaucoma require comprehensive consideration of multiple auxiliary examination results, so screening high-quality data and developing more systematic and comprehensive AI models remain to be explored.Currently, only several AI models are associated with glaucoma in the anterior examinations, so it is possible to begin studying the machine and deep learning models associated with ultrasonic biological microscopy and anterior segment optical coherence tomography.This paper, therefore, reviews the application of AI in glaucoma diagnosis.

Epidemiological investigation of a family clustering of COVID-19 / 中华流行病学杂志

Objective To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of a family clustering of COVID-19. Methods Field epidemiological survey was conducted. Result Case 1 of the long-term residents from Hubei province was the source of infection of this family clustering. There were 6 cases (from case 2 to case 7) infected in the whole incubation period. The incubation period was more than 14 days for 3 of the second-generation cases. Routes of transmission include respiratory droplets (from case 1 transmitted to case 6, from case 1 to her family members) and closecontact (from case 1 to other cases in her family). All the age groups were generally susceptible, while elderly were easier to progress to critically ill. Besides respiratory symptoms, there were also gastrointestinal symptoms, of which diarrhea was the most common one. Conclusion Family clustering had been an important part for COVID-19 cases.

Determination of valproic acid in human plasma by LC-MS/MS method / 国际检验医学杂志

Objective To develop a rapid and sensitive liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric(LC-MS/MS) method for the determination of valproic acid in human plasma.Methods After treating human plasma sample by acetonitrile protein precipitation method,the analytes were separated on a Shimpack VP-ODS analytical column(150 mm×2.0 mm I.D,5 μm) with the mobile phase of methanol and 5 mmol/L ammonium acetate (55∶45,v/v)at a flow rate of 0.4 mL/min.Detection was carried out by adopting the multiple reaction monitoring(MRM) scanning mode in the API3200 triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometer,electrospray ionization source,negative ion mode,selected monitoring ionic reactions were m/z 142.9→m/z 142.9(valproic acid) and m/z 179.0→m/z 179.0(1-sulfonic acid).Results Valproic acid and internal standard 1-sulfonic acid retention time were 3.03 min and 2.38 min respectively.The plasma valproic acid linear range was 0.800-80.0 μg/mL(r>0.99) with the lower limit of quantitation(LLOQ) 0.800 μg/mL.The intra-and inter-batch relative standard deviations(RSD) were both less than 15%,and the relative errors(RE) were within ±15%.The mean extraction recovery rate was(84.1±2.4)%,and the mean matrix effect factor was(104.3±2.0)%.In the stability study,valproic acid was found to be stable in plasma under various storage conditions.Conclusion This method is suitable for the determination of valproic acid in human plasma and human pharmacokinetic study of valproic acid semisodium sustained release tablet.

Effects of echinacoside on striatal and hippocampus extracellular fluid of monoamine neurotransmitter in Parkinsonˊs disease rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim Tostudytheeffectsofechinacoside on striatal and hippocampus extracellular fluid of mono-amine neurotransmitter in Parkinsonˊs disease rat, and discuss the possible mechanism of the ECH effect on brainprotection.Methods Doublepointinjectionof 6-hydroxy dopamine damaged was adopted to make PD model, the corresponding drugs or normal saline were intraperitoneally injected for 4 consecutive weeks, mi-cro-dialysis program in double targets was taken after treatment, the dialysate was injected into HPLC-EDC, and striatal and hippocampus extracellular fluid of DA, DOPAC, HVA, NA, 5-HT levels of each group were measured. Results Compared with control group, striatal and hippocampus extracellular fluid of DA, DOPAC, HVA, NE, 5-HT levels were significantly re-duced in model group ( P <0. 01 ); compared with model group, striatal and hippocampus extracellular fluid of DA, DOPAC, HVA, NE, 5-HT levels were significantly increased in treatment group ( P <0 . 05 , P<0. 01 ) , and the content of five kinds of substances in ECH high dose group was similar to that in MD group.Conclusion ECHcouldincreaseextracellular monoamine neurotransmitters in striatum and hippo-campus, ECH has a therapeutic effect on PD, and echinacoside is possible mechanisms of the brain pro-tective effect of PD rats.

Learning and memory ability in improved models of synthetic vascular dementia / 中国药理学与毒理学杂志

OBJECTIVE Toexplorethecredibityoftwoimprovedmodelsofsyntheticvascular dementia(VD)rats.METHODS OneimprovedmodelofVDratswasestablishedbyligatuingthebilat-eral common carotid artery twice at 3 d (improved 2-VO),while the other was established by blocking the middle cerebral artery on the left side by separating pterygopalatine arteria (i mproved MCAO/R). The learning and me mory ability was determined by escape latency in Morris water maze directional navi-gation test and cross-over ti mes in target areas in spatial probe test and the search strategy.The organi-zational structure in CA1 area of the hippocampus was observed and analyzed under a microscope after HEstaining.RESULTS Thelearningandmemoryabilitydecreasedsignificantlyin2modelgroupsat 20 d after the operation.The escape latency was much longer in improved 2-VO group and improved MCAO/R group than that in sham group(P<0.05)especially in improved 2-VO group.41 d after the operation,no difference between MCAO/R and sham group (P <0.05 ).The differences between improved 2-VO group and sham group remained significant(P<0.01 ),and difference between improved 2-VO group and improved MCAO/R group was significant(P<0.01 )at 41 d.The cross-over times in the target area in spatial probe test decreased more significantly in 2 model groups than in sham group. 41 d after the operation,improved MCAO/R group was not different from sham group(P<0.05). Search strategy results showed that swimming trajectory in the improved 2-VO groupwas mostly edge and random type,but was of tendency type and straight type in the improved MCAO/R group.In the organization structure of hippopal CA1 area of rats,the nu mber of cells was reduced,their arrange ment was sparse and chaotic,the morphology of cells was inco mplete,the structure of cells was abnormal, cytoplasmwasscarce,andnucleoliwereinconspicuous.CONCLUSION TwoimprovedVDmodelscan lead to behavior and pathological changes in rats.The i mproved 2-VO model,si mple and stable,is suitable for drug efficacy research.The improved MCAO/R model is the ideal short-term efficacy study.

The protective effects of echinacoside on oxidative stress injury in vascular dementia rats / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the protective effects of echinacoside ( ECH ) on oxidative stress injury in vascular dementia rats. Methods Vascular dementia model was duplicated by means of permanent ligation of bilateral common carotid artery at two times intervals for three days. Biochemical methods was used to detect the GSH, NO, GSH-Px, NOS in each group rat’ s cor-tex and hippocampus. The change of the tissue struc-ture in CA1 area of hippocampus in each group was ob-served and analyzed by microscope after HE staining. Results Compared with sham group, the content of GSH and activity of GSH-Px in the rats of the model group were decreased significantly ( P0. 05 ) . Conclusion ECH exerts protection on oxida-tive stress injury in vascular dementia rats.

Effect of echinacoside on learning-memory ability and oxygen free radicals on model rats with Alzheimer's disease / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the effects of echina-coside ( ECH ) on the learning and memory capacities and brain level of oxygen free radicals of rats with de-mentia induced by amyloid β-peptide. Methods Six-ty Sprague Dawley rats, weighing (300±10) g, were randomly divided with 10 rats pergroup into 6 groups:sham operated group, model, ECH high dose (40 mg ·kg-1·d-1), ECH middle dose (20 mg· kg-1· d-1), ECH low dose (10 mg·kg-1·d-1) and Hup A (Huperzine A, 0. 02 mg·kg-1·d-1) group. Mor-ris maze tests were conducted for evaluating the learn-ing and memory ability. Content of malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO) and activities of superox-ide dismutase ( SOD) and NO synthase ( NOS) in the hippocampus and cortex were detected. ResultsAβ25-35 induced significant learning and memory im-pairment in the rats. Compared with the rats in model group, those treated with ECH at different doses all manifested alleviation of learning and memory impair-ment ( P<0 . 01 , P<0 . 05 ) . Cotents of MDA of ECH treatment group were obviously decreased, while SOD activities were obviously increased, and significantly reduced the release of NO and NOS in the hippocam-pus and cortex brain tissue ( P <0 . 01 , P <0.05 ) . Conclusion ECH can enhance the learning and mem-ory ability in rats with AD, which is presumably relat-ed to accelerating the cleaning of oxygen free radicals and reducing oxidative stress in brain of AD rats.

Effect of echinacoside on monoamine neurotransmitters in hippocampus and cortex of rats with Alzheimer′s disease / 中国药理学通报

Aim To investigate the influence of echi-nacoside ( ECH ) on monoaminergic neurotransmitter extracellular of the hippocampus and cerebral cortex in rat model of Alzheimer′s disease ( AD) , and ultimately to provide a theoretical basis for ECH′s improving the ability of learning and memory. Methods 60 male SD rats were randomly divided into 6 groups with 10 rats in each group : sham operation group, model, ECH groups of low, medium and high doses (10, 20, 40μg ·g-1 ·d-1 ) , and Hup A ( Huperzine A, 0. 02 μg· g-1·d-1) group. The AD rat model was established by abdominal cavity injection with D-galactose and uni-laterally injected with amyloid beta-protein fragment 25-35 ( Aβ25-35 ) into the right hippocampus. Morris wa-ter maze test was used to study the animals′ ability of spatial learning and memory. The synchronous dual-probe dual-channel brain microdialysis sampling tech-nology was applied to collect dialysates from different encephalic areas continuously, and combined with HPLC electrochemical detection were used to measure the extracellular levels of norepinephrine ( NE) , dopa-mine (DA), 5-serotonin (5-HT). Results 1. Com-pared with the sham operation group, the mean escape latency of the model group was significantly prolonged ( P<0. 05 ) , and the time that rats were in the plat-form quadrant was significantly shortened ( P<0. 05 );on the contrary, compared with the model group, the mean escape latency of ECH groups were significantly shortened ( P<0. 05 ) , and the time that rats were in the platform quadrant was significantly extended ( P<0. 05). 2. Compared with the sham operation group, the contents of NE,DA and 5-HT were significantly de-creased in the model group ( P <0. 05 ) . However, compared with the model group , ECH could improve the concentrations of NE, DA, 5-HT in the hippocam-pus and cerebral cortex, and these monoamine levels of the brain regions were restored to near control. Con-clusion ECH can effectively improve the ability of learning and memory of rats with AD, giving a rise to the monoamine neurotransmitter both in hippocampus and cortex, exerting a positive effect on treatment of cognitive dysfunction . The ECH low dose group is sig-nificantly lower than the ECH groups of medium and high doses and Hup A group in improving the ability of learning and memory.

Effects of echinacoside on extracellular acetylcholine and choline levels of hippocampus and striatum of cerebral ischemia rats / 药学学报

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of echinacoside (ECH) on cholinergic neurotransmitter extracellular of hippocampus and striatum and its possible mechanisms of neuro-protective effect against vascular dementia rats. In this study brain microdialysis technique combined with HPLC-IMER-ECD (high-performance liquid chromatography-immobilized enzyme reactor-electrochemical detector) was used. The bilateral common carotid arteries occluded in two times operation at 72 h interval for vascular dementia model rats were used and the successful vascular dementia model rats were examined by Morris water maze. The content of acetylcholine (ACh) and choline (Ch) of microdialysate extracellular of hippocampus and striatum was determined by HPLC-IMER-ECD and the AChE activity in the hippocampus was measured. The results showed that the success rate of vascular dementia model was 83.08% after six weeks; the results also showed that echinacoside and galantamine could increase the content of ACh and reduce the content of Ch extracellular of hippocampus and striatum significantly and the AChE activity increased significantly compared with that of the model group. The results suggested that echinacoside could promote the recovery of cholinergic neurotransmitter levels in vascular dementia rats' brain, which may be one of the mechanisms of neuro-protection.