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Background Tin and its compounds can cause serious harm to human respiratory system and nervous system, but there is no corresponding national standard method for the determination of tin in PM2.5. Objective To establish a method for the determination of tin and its compounds in PM2.5 by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) after ultrasonic extraction with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Methods We extracted a fixed volume of air at a constant speed through a sampler with preset cutting characteristics to trap PM2.5 in the ambient air on quartz filter membranes. By selecting extraction solvent, comparing extraction temperature and time, and adjusting the acidity of solution to be measured, the sample pretreatment process was optimized, and a method for the determination of tin and its compounds in PM2.5 by AFS was proposed, and its performance indexes such as linearity, detection limit, and lower limit of quantification were obtained. The accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated by the standard addition recovery test with blank quartz filter membranes, and the interference test was carried out by adding standard urban particulate samples. The proposed method and the method recommended by the “Handbook on Monitoring and Protection of Air Pollution (Haze) Effects on Population Health (2020)” (the Handbook) were applied to actual samples, and the results were compared. Results This experiment used concentrated hydrochloric acid as the extraction solvent. The higher the reaction temperature and the longer the reaction time, the higher the recovery rate. Therefore, 70 ℃ water bath ultrasonic extraction for 3 h was selected. In terms of the proposed method, the linear range of detection was from 5.00 μg·L−1 to 50.00 μg·L−1, with a correlation coefficient ≥0.999 and a detection limit of 0.27 μg·L−1. When the quantitative detection of the lower limit was 0.90 μg·L−1，and the sampling volume was 144 m3, the limit of quantification was 1.25 ng·m−3. The recovery rate of standard addition of blank quartz filter membranes was 94.1%-97.5%, with a relative standard deviation ≤3.2%; the recovery rate of standard addition of standard urban particulate matter samples was 93.5%-103.0%, and the relative standard deviation was ≤2.1%, indicating that coexisting components in PM2.5 samples would not affect the determination of tin. For the 10 quartz filter membrane samples of PM2.5 monitoring, the results of tin by the established method (extraction with concentrated hydrochloric acid) were higher than those of the Handbook recommended method (extraction with nitric acid), and the difference is (3.61±0.54) ng·m−3(t=21.303, P<0.05). Conclusion The established method for the determination of tin and its compounds in PM2.5 by AFS after ultrasonic extraction with concentrated hydrochloric acid is simple, accurate, and suitable for laboratory determination of tin and its compounds in large quantities of PM2.5 samples.
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OBJECTIVE To compare the difference of testing cleaning effectiveness in the operation instrument between the eye measurement and hemoglobin enzyme test.METHODS Five batches of instrument after cleaning were tested by two methods.RESULTS By eye inspection,all tested samples were qualified.However there were only 76 percent of samples qualified according to enzyme test.CONCLUSIONS Compared with eye inspection,enzyme test is a more sensitive method.Enzyme test can better assess the cleaning effectiveness than others.
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ABSTRACT AIM To investigate the effect of ch-itosan on protein kinase C (PKC) activitives and diacyl glycerol(DAG)concentration in murine peritoneal macrophages. METHODS A new ion-pair reversed-phase high liquid chromatography and ra-dioimmunoassay were used to determinate the activity of PKC and the concentration of DAG respectively. RESULTS ( 1) Chitosan induced activation and translocation of PKC in murine peritoneal macrophages. The peak time was 25 min and the activity of PKC came back the basic level at 1. 5 h. (2)Chitosan increased the production of DAG in murine peritoneal macrophages. The peak time was 30 s and the concentration of DAG came back the basic level at 3 min. CONCLUSION The im-munopoteniating effect of chitosan may be associated with the channel of DAG /PKC.