School Feeding Programs in the United States during 1853-2010 / 中国学校卫生

Abstract@#The Children s Aid Society of New York has been providing free food to students at local vocational schools since 1853. It wasn t until 1975 that the school lunch program was permanently mandated by Congress. The National School Lunch Program in America has gone through a historic process from its inception and establishment to its development. The continued interest and oversight of the American people, public opinion guidance by progressive people like nutrition reformers, home economics and other are external factors in the continued development of this program. The timely enactment of the bill by the federal government and the high concern of senior leaders on this project is an important prerequisite for continued development. Integrating this program into the national agricultural development strategy and realizing the overall development philosophy is the key to the sustainability of this program. Paying attention to children s physical health is the core reason why American School Feeding Programs focus on children s diet quantity to children s nutritional quality. All of these factors contribute to the development of this project.

Monitoring results of veterinary drug residues in chicken and eggs in Xinjiang in 2019 - 2020 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To know the residues of 13 veterinary drug residues in chicken and eggs foods in some areas in Xinjiang. Methods A total of 170 chicken and egg samples were randomly selected from supermarkets and farmers' markets in seven cities in Xinjiang. Eleven quinolone antibiotics, two tetracycline antibiotics, ribavirin and metronidazole were examined for veterinary drug residues using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) . Results The overall detection rate of veterinary drug residues in eggs and chicken were 20%（18/90）and11.25%（9/80）. The overall over-standard rate were 18.89%（17/90）and 0（0/80）. Veterinary drug residues in chicken are heavier than eggs. Veterinary drugs were detected and over-standarded in all seven cities in Xinjiang monitored. Conclusion The veterinary drug contamination in chicken and eggs in Xinjiang is relatively serious. It is recommended to strengthen the standardization of production and supervision to ensure food safety.

Value of peripheral blood long non-coding RNA-LET in the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B cirrhosis / 临床肝胆病杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the value of peripheral blood long non-coding RNA-LET (lncRNA-LET) in the diagnosis of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) cirrhosis, and to provide a basis for early clinical diagnosis and treatment of liver cirrhosis. MethodsA total of 175 CHB patients who attended The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical University from March 2017 to May 2019 were enrolled, among whom 52 patients with hepatitis B cirrhosis were enrolled as cirrhosis group and 123 patients without the pathological changes of liver cirrhosis were enrolled as non-cirrhosis group. A total of 40 healthy individuals who underwent physical examination in our hospital during the same period of time were enrolled as normal control group. Liver function parameters and the level of lncRNA-LET in peripheral blood were measured for all subjects. The t-test was used for comparison of continuous data between two groups; an analysis of variance was used for comparison between multiple groups, and the least significant difference t-test was used for further comparison between two groups. The chi-square test was used for comparison of categorical data between groups, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used for comparison of ranked data. A Pearson correlation analysis was performed to investigate correlation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to investigate the value of peripheral blood lncRNA-LET in predicting liver cirrhosis. Results Compared with the normal control group, the cirrhosis group and the non-cirrhosis group had significantly higher serum levels of the liver function parameters total bilirubin (TBil), total bile acid (TBA), albumin (Alb), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (all P＜0.05) and a significantly lower serum level of cholinesterase (ChE) (P＜0.05); compared with the non-cirrhosis group, the cirrhosis group had significantly higher serum levels of TBil, TBA, Alb, and ALT (all P＜0.05) and a significantly lower serum level of ChE (P＜0.05). Compared with the normal control group, the cirrhosis group and the non-cirrhosis group had significantly lower relative expression of lncRNA-LET in peripheral blood (P＜0.05), and the cirrhosis group had significantly lower relative expression of lncRNA-LET in peripheral blood than the non-cirrhosis group (P＜0.05). The relative expression of lncRNA-LET decreased significantly with the increase in liver fibrosis stage (P＜0.05). In the patients with CHB, the relative expression of lncRNA-LET in peripheral blood was negatively correlated with liver fibrosis stage, TBil, TBA, Alb, and ALT (r=-0.352,-0.372,-0.364, and -0.410, all P＜0.001) and was positively correlated with ChE (r=0.340, P＜0.001). The ROC curve was used to analyze the value of peripheral blood lncRNA-LET in predicting liver cirrhosis, and the area under the ROC curve was 0934, with an optimal cut-off value of 0.833, a sensitivity of 84.57%, and a specificity of 80.57%. ConclusionThe expression level of lncRNA-LET in peripheral blood decreases with the progression of liver fibrosis and has a good value in the diagnosis of CHB cirrhosis, and therefore, it can be used as a potential biological indicator for the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis.

Application of Flipped Classroom based on micro-lecture in practical teaching of health assessment for nursing undergraduates / 中华医学教育探索杂志

Objective To explore the application effects of Flipped Classroom based on micro-lecture in the teaching practice of health assessment for nursing undergraduates.Methods Nursing undergraduates in the natural class of grade 2016 in Xi'an Creation College of Yan'an University was randomly selected as the control group.A total of 55 students,with an average age of (20.22 ± 1.13) years,were enrolled in the study.Another nat-ural class was chosen as the observation group,with a total of 54 students,with an average age of (20.37 ± 1.21) years.Results At the end of the course,the students of the two groups received the course examination.The training scores of the control group were (80.13 ± 1.73) and the observation group (90.67 ± 1.53),while total score was (76.36 ± 2.05) and (84.21 ± 1.66) respectively.There were significant differ-ences in the training results and the total score between the two groups (P＜ 0.01).Comparing the results of teacher-student satisfaction test,89.09％ of the teachers were satisfied,98.15％ of the observation group while 94.55％ of the students were satisfied,and 98.15％ of the observation group.There was significant difference between the two groups (P＜0.05,P＜0.O1).The satisfaction of teachers and students in the observation group was significantly higher than that in the control group,and the questionnaire survey showed that more than 90％ of the students in the observation group were satisfied with the teaching effect.Conclusion The Flipped Classroom teaching based on micro-lecture could promote the students' mastery of the theoretical knowledge and practical skills of the health assessment course.

Effects of enteral immunonutrition supplemented with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on the inci-dences of ventilator associated pneumonia complications in patients with severe traumatic brain injury undergoing ventilator therapy / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of enteral immunonutrition supplemented with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) on the incidences and severity of ventilator associated pneumonia com- plications, inflammatory response, and the prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) un-dergoing ventilator therapy. Methods From January 2015 to June 2017, 64 patients of sTBI were selected and randomly divided into experimental group (ω-3 PUFA, n=32) and control group (n=32). White blood cells (WBC) and the proportion of neutrophils (N%) were evaluated by cell analyzer. Meanwhile, the serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin (PCT) were tested with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. After 14-days treatment, the Glasgow coma scale (GCS) score, APACHE Ⅱ score, clinical pulmonary infec-tion score (CPIS), pulmonary function and prognoses were also compared between the two groups. Results As compared with the control group, the experimental group had lower incidences of ventilator associated pneumonia (66% vs. 56%, P=0. 048), reduced degree of lung infection and lower CPIS (8. 25±0. 60 vs. 7. 47±0. 53); higher lung function indexes [FVC: (2. 89±0. 19) L vs. (3. 46±0. 22) L, P=0. 010;FEV1: (2. 35±0. 16) L vs. (2. 84±0. 24) L, P=0. 040; FEV1/FVC %: (49. 11±3. 34)% vs. (56. 00± 2. 64)%, P=0. 038) ]; lower serum levels of inflammatory responses [WBC: (11. 83±0. 74) ×109/L vs. (9. 51±0. 90) ×109/L, P=0. 029; N%: (79. 11±1. 51)% vs. (72. 71±1. 16)%, P=0. 041; CRP:(85. 15±8. 42) mg/L vs. (63. 96±5. 72) mg/L, P=0. 001; PCT: (6. 43±0. 47) μg/L vs. (4. 83±0. 39) μg/L, P=0. 013] 14 days after enteral immunonutrition supplemented with ω-3 PUFA. As compared with the control group, the experimental group received better prognosis with GCS scores increasing ( 8. 69 ± 0. 41 vs. 9. 52±0. 59, P=0. 038), APACHE Ⅱ scores decreasing (14. 74±1. 01 vs. 12. 68±0. 89, P=0. 049), the time of mechanical ventilation [ (13. 23±1. 17) d vs. (10. 88±1. 24) d, P=0. 024] and the hospitalization days [ (23. 29±2. 45) d vs. (18. 42±1. 96) d, P=0. 012] reduced on the 14th day, mechanical ventilation withdraw rate within 14 days increasing [24/32 (75%) vs. 27/32 (84%), P=0. 030] on the 14th day. Conclusion Enteral immunonutrition supplemented with ω-3 PUFA can effectively reduce the incidence of ventilator associated pneumonia, alleviate the degree of infection and the inflammatory response in patients with sTBI undergoing ventilator therapy possibly improving condition and prognosis, which is worthy of being widely used.

Effects of enteral immunonutrition supplemented with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid on inflammatory response and intestinal mucosal barrier function in patients with severe traumatic brain injury / 中华临床营养杂志

Objective To investigate the effects of enteral immunonutrition supplemented with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3 PUFA) on inflammatory response,intestinal mucosal barrier function and the prognosis in patients with severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI).Methods 122 patients of sTBI hospitalized between January 2015 and December 2016 were randomly divided into experimental group (ω-3 PUFA,n=61) and control group (n =61).The serum levels of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),interleukin (IL)-6 and neuron specific enolase (NSE) were tested with enzyme linked immunosorbent assay.Meanwhile,D-lactate acid and intestinal fat acid binding protein (I-FABP) were evaluated by enzymology spectrophotometer method.After 14 days of treatment,the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores,Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE) Ⅱ scores and prognoses of both groups were compared.Results The serum levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α and IL-6),intestinal mucosal barrier function indicators (D-lactate acid and I-FABP) and NSE proteins significantly increased after sTBI (P =0.01).Compared with the control group,the experimental group on day 3 had significantly lower serum levels of inflammatory factors [TNF-α:(107.77± 19.79) μg/Lvs.(151.76±21.65) μg/L,P=0.01;IL-6:(76.85±7.15) μg/Lvs.(105.27±10.12) μg/L,P=0.01] and intestinal mucosal barrier function indicators [D-lactate:(69.81 ±6.32) μg/L vs.(89.80± 8.75) μg/L,P=0.03;I-FABP:(40.81±6.73) μg/Lvs.(56.60±8.58) μg/L,P=0.01].On day 7,the experimental group had significantly lower expression of NSE proteins than the control group [(13.63± 2.53) μg/L vs.(19.12±3.00) μg/L,P=0.02].The experimental group received better prognosis compared to the control group on day 14 [GCS scores:(9.74±0.76) vs.(8.44±0.53),P=0.04;APACHE Ⅱ scores:(14.67±1.37) vs.(17.53±1.47),P=0.03].The experimental group also had fewer days in hospitalization [(19.37±2.27) d vs.(25.42±2.61) d,P=0.01].Conclusion Enteral immunonutrition supplemented with ω-3 PUFA can effectively regulate the inflammatory response,and reduce impairment to the intestinal mucosal barrier function and damage to neurons in patients with sTBI.

The gene polymorphism study of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in the drug-resistance surveillance and epidemi-ological survey field / 中国基层医药

Tuberculosis is a chronic infectious diseases caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis(MTB).As the drug-resistance characteristics are different in patients with various genotypes,thus,the gene polymorphism study have critical clinical significance.Among the all kinds of techniques,some have been used to analyze polymorphism for a long time and new development in that respect has also been made recently.On the other hand,some techniques are e-merging but demonstrate promising application prospects.This study summarizes the gene polymorphism study of MTB which have been used or are emerging in recent years,and points out a few shortcomings briefly.Our object is to make a contribution to theoretical basis and knowledge accumulation in the drug-resistance and epidemiological survey field.

Expression and correlation of EHD2 and E-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma / 中国肿瘤临床

Objective:To investigate the expression and correlation of EHD2 and E-cadherin in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Meth-ods:Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression of EHD2 and E-cadherin in HCC specimens and adja-cent noncancerous tissues. The correlations of EHD2 and E-cadherin with the clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis of pa-tients were further analyzed using Pearsonχ2 test and Kaplan-Meier method. Results:EHD2 expression, along with E-cadherin, was markedly reduced in HCC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues. Moreover, EHD2 and E-cadherin expression were correlated with histological grade, microvascular invasion, and lymph node metastasis (P<0.05). Kaplan-Meier survival analysis showed that HCC patients with decreased EHD2 and E-cadherin expression had shorter overall survival time than those with higher expression. Conclu-sion:The abnormal expression of EHD2 and E-cadherin possibly promote HCC. Detection of EHD2 and E-cadherin may be valuable for diagnosing HCC and evaluating malignancy extent and prognosis.

Effects of Autophagy on Expression of Growth-associated Protein-43 and Microtubule Associated Protein-2 in CA1 Area of Hippocampus of Vascular Dementia Rats / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To observe the effects of autophagy on the expression of synaptic plasticity related protein, growth-associated pro-tein-43 (GAP-43) and microtubule associated protein-2 (MAP-2), in CA1 area of hippocampus of vascular dementia rats. Methods Nine-ty-six healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group, vascular dementia model group (VD group), autophagy in-hibitor 3-methyl adenine preconditioning group (3-MA group) and autophagy agonist rapamycin preconditioning group (Rap group). Each group was divided randomly into subgroups of one week, two weeks, four weeks and eight weeks after modeling, six rats in each group. The vascular dementia rat model was established with modified Pulsineli's four-vessel occlusion. The expression of GAP-43 and MAP-2 in CA1 area of hippocampus were detected with immunohistochemistry. Results Compared with the sham group, the expression of GAP-43 protein increased, and the expression of MAP-2 protein decreased at every time point in VD group (P<0.01). Compared with VD group, the expres-sion of both GAP-43 and MAP-2 increased in 3-MA group (P<0.05), and decreased in Rap group (P<0.05). Conclusion Autophagy may in-hibit the expression of synaptic plasticity related protein, GAP-43 and MAP-2, in CA1 area of hippocampus in vascular dementia rats, indi-cating inhibition of autophagy may promote synaptic remodeling.

Detection of influenza A virus by reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification / 中华传染病杂志

Objective To detect influenza A virus by reverse transcription‐loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT‐LAMP) assay to established a rapid ,simple and visualization nucleic acid detection method .Methods The RT‐LAMP primers were designed in accordance with the hemagglutinin gene of influenza A virus .Then ,the specificity of the primers was evaluated by detection of different influenza viruses ,and the sensitivity was confirmed by testing multiple diluted RNA samples . Hydroxynaphthol blue (HNB) was used for visually evaluation and gel electrophoresis was used for validation .Clinical samples were detected by RT‐LAMP assay .Its consistency with fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods was compared .Results The primers of RT‐LAMP assay had high specificity . This technique could amplify influenza A virus accurately .The detection limit of RT‐LAMP assay was 2 .5 × 103 copies/mL by detection of multiple diluted RNA samples .In addition ,the results of RT‐LAM P assay could be visually inspected using HNB by color change ,and the results was in accordance with that of gel electrophoresis . RT‐LAMP assay was in consistence with fluorescent quantitative PCR when clinically applied .Conclusions RT‐LAMP assay is a rapid ,specific ,sensitive and simple method to detect influenza A virus .

Expression of Microtubule-associated Protein 1 Light Chain 3 II and Microtubule-associated Protein 2 in CA1 Area of Hippocampus of Vascular Dementia Rats / 中国康复理论与实践

Objective To observe the expression of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 II (LC3II) and microtubule-associated protein 2 (MAP-2) in CA1 area of hippocampus in vascular dementia rats. Methods 48 Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into sham group and model group. Meanwhile, each group was further divided into 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks subgroups (n=6). Vascular dementia mod-el was established by blocking four vessels. The expressions of LC3II and MAP-2 protein were detected with immunohistochemistry in the CA1 area of hippocampus. Results The expression of LC3II significantly increased, and the expression of MAP-2 decreased in the model group compared with the sham group at every time point (P<0.001). The expression of LC3II was negatively correlated with MAP-2 at ev-ery time point in the model group (r=-0.723, P<0.05). Conclusion It may play an important role for the occurrence and development of vas-cular dementia that the expression of LC3II increased and MAP-2 descreased in CA1 area of hippocampus in rats.

Study on pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of the isocorydine derivative (AICD) in rats by HPLC-DAD method

A simple and effective high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection method coupled with a liquid-liquid extraction pretreatment has been developed for determining the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of a novel structurally modified derivative (8-acetamino-isocorydine) of isocorydine. According to the in vivo experiments data calculations by DAS 2.0 software, a two-compartment metabolic model was suitable for describing the pharmacokinetic of 8-acetamino-isocorydine in rats. 8-Acetamino-isocorydine was absorbed well after oral administration, and the absolute bioavailability was 76.5%. The half-life of 8-acetamino-isocorydine after intravenous and oral administration was 2.2 h and 2.0 h, respectively. In vivo, 8-acetamino-isocorydine was highly distributed in the lungs, kidney and liver; however, relatively little entered the brain, suggesting that 8-acetamino-isocorydine could not easily pass through the blood brain barrier. Our work describes the first characterization of the pharmacokinetic parameters and tissue distribution of 8-acetamino-isocorydine. The acquired data will provide useful information for the in vivo pharmacology of 8-acetamino-isocorydine, and can be applied to new drug research.

Study of the relationship of serum interleukin-6 and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein with insulin resistance in normal glu-cose tolerant first-degree relatives of type 2 diabetics / 中国医师杂志

Objective To study the relationship of the levels of serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) with insulin resistance in normal glucose tolerant first-degree relatives (NGT) of type 2 diabetics.Methods A total of 218 normal glucose tolerance subjects , including 136 NGT of type 2 diabetes , and 82 normal control ( NC) without type 2 diabetes family history were enrolled.The levels of blood glucose, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), lipid, insulin, IL-6, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) were measured.Results ⑴Compared with NC, the levels of homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), hs-CRP , and IL-6 in NGT were significantly increased [1.03~1.94 vs 0.42~0.95 , P <0.01;0.46~2.78 mg/L vs 0.39~1.56 mg/L, P <0.01;(13.6 ±8.99) pg/ml vs (8.08 ±3.67) pg/ml, P <0.01];⑵In NGT, hs-CRP was positively correlated with HOMA-IR and IL-6 ( r =0.326 , P <0.01;r =0.258 , P <0.05 );IL-6 was positively correlated with HOMA-IR ( r =0.350 , P <0.01).Conclusions IL-6 and CRP may correlate with the degree of insulin resistance in NGT of type 2 diabetics.

Strategies for the use of insulin-sensitizing drugs to treat infertility in women with polycystic ovary syndrome / 医学研究生学报

Insulin resistance and its compensatory hyperinsulinemia play a key pathogenic role in the infertility of the polycystic ovary syndrome.Numerous studies indicate that insulin sensitizing drugs can be used to enhance spontaneous ovulation and the induction ovulation in the syndrome,The aim of this review is to summarize the studies in which insulin sensitizing drugs were used to increase ovulation rate or improve fertility in women with the PCOS and to translate the information into practical guidelines for reproductive endocrinologist.

The value of electron beam computed tomography in tumor staging and evaluating resectability of ovarian carcinoma / 医学研究生学报

Objective: Evaluating ovarian carcinoma diagnosis,staging and resectability with EBCT. Methods: 25 cases of ovarian carcinoma were performed in total abdominal including pelvic with EBCT one week before operation.CT findings were compared and analysed with surgical and pathological results. Results: Of 25 patients,11 were serous cyst adenocarcinoma,six mucinous cyst adenocarcinoma,three malignant teratoma,two metastases,and each have only one for clear cell carcinoma,embryo carcinoma and undifferentiated carcinoma.Clinical staging of carcinoma were seven in stageⅠ,seven in stage Ⅱ,nine in stage Ⅲ,two in stage Ⅳ.Invaded vessels and nearby organs around ovarian carcinoma,and the status of peritoneum metastases,were main factors that influenced the difficulties of operation.Compared with conventional CT,EBCT has the virtues of ultrafast scanning,excellent quality of image,and displaying focus detail fine.Conclusion: EBCT scanning is very valuable in diagnosis,tumor staging and evaluating resectability of ovarian carcinoma.

Cognitive function in women with hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy:A follow-up study / 医学研究生学报

Objectives: Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy(HDCP) has a long-term deleterious effect.This study aimed to investigate the changes of cognitive function in women with HDCP and explore their possible mechanism.Methods: Fifty-three patients with HDCP and 22 normal pregnant women were included in this study,their cognitive functions assessed 60-80 days after delivery by word learning and delayed recall test,symbol digit substitution test,animal category fluency test,block design,trail making test(Part A) and digit span test.The results of the cognitive tests were compared between the HDCP and normal control groups.Results: Cognitive performances of the severe preeclampsia patients differed significantly from those of the normal individuals on the tests of word learning(P

A clinical study of the cognitive function of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome / 医学研究生学报

Objective: To observe the changes of the cognitive function of patients with polycystic ovary syndrome(PCOS) and explore their relationship with serum testosterone.Methods: The levels of serum testosterone(T),dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate(DHEAS),sex hormone binding globulin(SHBG),Estradiol(E2),follicle-stimulating hormone(FSH) and luteotrophic hormone(LH) were measured by radioimmunity assay in 25 patients with PCOS and 25 normal women.Their cognitive functions were assessed by delayed word recall test,word learning test,symbol digit substitution test,animals category fluency test,block design,trail making test(Part A) and digit span test.And the results of the tests were compared between the PCOS and the normal group.Results: The levels of serum T,LH and SHBG in the PCOS patients differed significantly from the normal individuals(P

Protective effects of estrogen on function of learning-memory and neuron of hippocampus in ovariectomized rats / 临床神经病学杂志

Objective To study the protective effects of estrogen on function of learning-memory and the neuron of hippocampus in the ovariectomized(OVX) rat model.Methods Estrogen 200 ?g/kg was injected into rats twice a weak followed the OVX rat models were estestablished(OVX+E2 group).The function of learning-memory was tested by Morris water maze;the tau hyperphosphorylation was detected by immunohistochemistry staining;the pathological changes of hippocampus was observed by HE staining and Bielschowski staining.Results Compared with OVX group,the function of learning-memory of Morris water maze in OVX+E2 group were significant improved(all P

Effects of estrogen on striatal neurons damage in rats induced by quinolinic acid / 临床神经病学杂志

Objective To explore the effect of estrogen on striatal neurons damage in rats induced by quinolinic acid (QA).Methods Ovariectomized rats were divided into two groups:non-replacement treatment group (recievied intrastriatal application of QA alone) and replacement treatment group (received both QA and 17-? estradiol). Striatal neurons injury was evaluated using NADPH-diaphorase histochemistry and the rotation number of rats induced by apomorphine was recorded. Activity of SOD and contents of MDA in striatum was measured by xanthine oxidase and thio-barbital method, respectively.Results Compared with non-replacement treatment group, there was a significant increase in the number of NADPH-diaphorase positive neurons ( P