RESUMO
Objective:To investigate the effectiveness of a hierarchical teaching model guided by "residency-specialty integration" in residency training and specialty training of oral and maxillofacial surgery with the training base of oral and maxillofacial surgery in Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, as the research subject.Methods:A total of 144 trainees receiving residency training and 32 receiving specialist training were enrolled from June 2022 to April 2023 and were divided into experimental group and control group, with 72 trainees receiving residency training and 16 receiving specialist training in each group. Clinical and learning tasks were designed using the traditional model for the control group and the hierarchical teaching model guided by "residency-specialty integration" for the experimental group, and the performance of trainees in theoretical assessments and self-evaluations was recorded. SPSS 23.0 was used to perform the t-test. Results:The hierarchical teaching model guided by "residency-specialty integration" achieved a significant effect in both theoretical assessments and self-evaluations of the trainees. As for the trainees receiving specialty training, there was a significant difference in the score of theoretical assessment between the experimental group and the control group (84.56±4.05 vs. 81.13±2.78, P<0.05), and as for the trainees receiving residency training, there was also a significant difference in this score between the experimental group and the control group (84.74±4.85 vs. 82.10±4.34, P<0.01). The results of self-assessment questionnaire showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group had a higher proportion of trainees giving positive evaluations of various indicators. Conclusions:This study suggests that the hierarchical teaching model guided by "residency-specialty integration" provides an effective teaching model for residency training and specialty training of oral and maxillofacial surgery, and this model may help to enhance disciplinary interests and promote clinical practice abilities, thereby providing valuable insights for future medical education in China.
RESUMO
Immune escape is one of the ten hallmarks of tumors， which plays an important role in the occurrence and development of tumors. Immune escape refers to a process where tumor cells remodel and edit the immune system through the model of immune clearance， immune balance， and immune escape to "transform" the immune cells into immunosuppressive cells in the tumor microenvironment， so as to support immune escape. The five-stage evolution is the summary of tumor pathogenesis by professor LI Jie. He believes that the gradual development of tumors follows the core pathogenesis of "deficiency-cold-toxin-obstruction-collapse"， in which "depression" runs through the whole process， and cancer toxin is the key. Based on immune editing， this paper combined phenotypic characteristics of tumor cells with the core pathogenesis of the five-stage evolution of professor LI to reveal the biological basis of malignant tumor five-stage evolution. The results indicate that the prominent change from deficiency to cold is the reduction of immune surveillance and the prominent change from toxin to obstruction is immune escape. The final stage of collapse is the outcome of immune failure. Depression is the booster of tumor immune editing. Therefore， the method of reinforcing the healthy Qi and removing toxins was proposed to regulate the immune editing and cut off the five-stage evolution of tumors. Supplementing Qi and warming Yang can reinforce the healthy Qi and restore immune surveillance. Removing toxins and dredging can reverse toxins and immune escape. The harmonizing method can maintain the dynamic balance of immune cells/immunosuppressive cells. Resolving depression can truncate tumor immune editing. Those methods can provide a certain reference for the treatment based on microscopic syndrome differentiation in traditional Chinese medicine （TCM）. In future studies， it is necessary to further explore the specific mechanism of the regulation of immune editing with the methods of supplementing Qi and warming Yang， removing toxins and dredging， their combination， and resolving depression， so as to find out specific Chinese medicines and targets and provide more sufficient evidence for the regulation of tumor immune editing by TCM.
RESUMO
In this study,a panel of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV),named as 8C9 and4B4,were produced by fusing SP2/0 myeloma cells and spleen cells of BALB/c mice immunized with the PRRSV (TCID50=5.5),screened by the indirect ELISA and subjected to several limiting dilutions.mAbs were then identified by biological characterization.Among the two fusion cell strains,8C9 belonged to the IgG1 subclass and 4B4 belonged to the IgG2a subclass.The titers in cell culture supernatant and abdomen liquor reached to 1:104and 1:105,respectively.The specificity test indicated that the two cells had specific reactions for the PRRSV and GP5 protein respectively,and no reaction with Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) or Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV).The molecular weights of the heavy chain and light chain were about 45.0 kDa and 25.0 kDa,respectively.In neutralization activity tests,the results showed that the prepared mAb 4B4 can protect 50% of cells with no CPE in dilution up to 1:512,but mAB 8C9 has no neutralization activities to PRRSV.