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Ants have a well-developed pair of antenna with sensory system used in chemical communication for sociallives. The antennae comprise of two parts scape and funiculus. Funiculus contains single segmented pediceland ten segmented flagellum. The surface micro-morphology of the antennal sensilla of Leptogenys chinensisworker showsthe presence of various types ofsensilla viz.sensilla trichodea, sensilla trichodea curvata,sensillabasiconica,sensilla coeloconica,sensilla chaetica,sensilla coelocapitular. Sensilla trichodea is distributed on allparts of the antenna. Sensilla trichodea curvata type III is typically present on flagellar segments only. Sensillabasiconica with arrowhead present on scape ball is slightly different than the sensilla basiconica with roundedhead present on the flagellar tip. Sensilla coelocapitularis observed only on the flagellar tip. On the joint ofscapeball and pedicilar shaft, three types of sensilla trichodea are present on the ball ridge while sensilla basiconicadistributed on the dorso-lateral margin of the ball..
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Background: Influenza is truly an international disease. It occurs in all countries and affects millions of people every year. The Influenza A H1N1 in humans can be a mild illness or in some people it may result in serious, even life-threatening complications such as pneumonia, acute bronchitis, worsening of chronic conditions, respiratory failure and death. Objective: To study profile of confirmed H1N1 virus infected patients of Category “C” admitted in the swine flu isolation ward of tertiary care hospitals of Baroda District, Gujarat, India. Methods: This was a cross sectional observational study carried out in Baroda district of Gujarat state, India. All confirmed H1N1 virus infected 54 patients in Category “C” admitted in the swine flu isolation ward of both Government and private hospitals of Baroda district during the period of 1st January to 30th June, 2013 after taking verbal and written consent of the patients were enrolled in study. Before conducting the study approval was obtained from institutional ethical committee for human research. Data safety and confidentiality was also given due consideration. A predesigned semi-structured Performa was used. Detailed demographic and clinical data were recorded. Data was statistically analyzed using SPSS software (trial version). Results: Out of total 54 influenza A H1N1 cases, 23 patients (42.59%) were males. 4 (12.91%) female patients were pregnant. Majority (75%) of the cases were between 21-50 years of age group. Majority (90.7%) of the patients were from urban areas. Majority cases (94.4%) presented with cough, followed by 36 cases (66.7%) exhibiting high grade fever, 35 Cases (64.8%) had complain of breathlessness and 25 cases(46.3%) presented with sore throat. 19 cases (35%) had co-morbid condition with the influenza A H1N1 disease. In this study among patients with associated Comorbid condition, 16(84%) were discharged and only 3(16%) patients died. Whereas among patients without Comorbid condition, 29(83%) were discharged and 6(17%) died. This difference was not statistically significant (p=0.940).15 cases (27%) required ventilator support. Mortality of 9 cases (17%) occurred in the given duration of study and rest of cases 45(83%) were discharged from the hospital. Out of 54 cases, 4 cases had diabetes mellitus and from that 3 case were died. The difference was statistically significant (p=0.012). Conclusions: Influenza A H1N1 infection predominantly affects young age and equally affecting both genders. One fourth of total cases had severe illness and required ventilator support. Majority of patients died within 8 day of critical illness. All deaths were reported from urban area. Most common symptom in fatal cases of influenza A H1N1 was cough followed by breathlessness, high grade fever, mild fever and sore throat and the most common co morbidity was Diabetes Mellitus.
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Background: Music has been used in exercise classes for many decades. The role of music in increasing the exercise performance is well recognized but there is very little information about effect of music on post-exercise recovery time. Methods: The present study was conducted to see the effect of musical sounds on post-exercise recovery time following moderate exercise with Harvard step test in young healthy volunteers. 30 young healthy volunteers (17 males, 13 females) aged between 17 to 20 years were recruited for the study. Pulse rate, systolic BP, diastolic BP were recorded prior to exercise in lying down position. The participants were subjected to moderate exercise by Harvard step test for 3 minutes on 3 consecutive days. They were allowed to rest in silence on 1st day, rest with hearing slow music on 2nd day and rest with hearing fast music on 3rd day. During the post-exercise relaxation time PR, SBP and DBP were measured immediately and after every 1 min. until the parameters returned to resting values. Data was statistically analysed using ANOVA test and 0.05 level of significance was set prior to the study. Results: The result showed that with slow music, recovery time of pulse rate (5.2 ± 2.1), systolic blood pressure (3.9 ± 1.1) and diastolic blood pressure (3.2 ± 1.7) were significantly faster as compared to both no music and fast music. Conclusion: The study concluded that music hastens post-exercise recovery and slow music has greater relaxation effect than fast or no music.
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Objective. To estimate the prevalence of under- nutrition among school children and to find out the relationship between nutritional status and tuberculin sensitivity. Methods. A cross sectional study was carried out among 3335 children between 5-8 years of age, attending 60 schools in Bangalore city, selected by stratified random sampling. The nutritional anthropometric indices were calculated using reference median as recommended by World Health Organization, classified according to standard deviation units termed as Z-scores. The nutritional status of the children was assessed by weight for age, height for age and bio-mass-index (BMI). Results. Depending upon the method for classifying nutritional status, the prevalence of under-nutrition (including mild and severe under-nutrition) varied between 14.9-29.8%. The prevalence of severe under-nutrition varied from 2.9-6.7%. The frequency distributions of reaction sizes to tuberculin were found to be similar among children classified by nutritional status. The differences in proportions of significant reactions (≥10mm) and mean tuberculin reaction sizes between children classified by nutritional status were not found to be statistically significant. Conclusion. Tuberculin sensitivity was not influenced by nutritional status among apparently healthy school children.