Hazardous Drinking and Its Association With Smoking and Ego-Resiliency in Medical Students / 생물치료정신의학

Objectives@#The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of hazardous drinking (HD) and its association with sociodemographic factors, smoking, social anxiety, self-esteem, and ego-resiliency in medical students. @*Methods@#A total of 408 medical students were included in this study. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaire, and HD was assessed by Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT). The HD and non-HD group were defined using the AUDIT score 10 for male and 6 for female as a cut-off, respectively. Multiple logistic regression analyses were carried out to examine the impact of sociodemographic factors, smoking, social anxiety, self-esteem, and ego-resiliency on HD. @*Results@#A total of 192 participants (47.1%) were identified as having HD. Frequency of smoking and the severity of social anxiety were significantly higher in HD group than non-HD group. Meanwhile, the levels of self-esteem and egoresiliency were significantly lower than HD group than non-HD group. In multiple logistic regression, smoking was associated with a higher risk of HD, whereas ego-resiliency and age were associated with a lower risk of HD. Compared to the high level of subjective socioeconomic status, both middle and low level were associated with a lower risk of HD. @*Conclusions@#HD among medical students was quite common and associated with smoking, ego-resiliency, age, and level of subjective socioeconomic status. Strong efforts to improve smoking cessation and ego-resiliency, as well as education for HD in medical schools, is needed to reduce the harmful effects of alcohol.

Updating Korean Disability Weights for Causes of Disease: Adopting an Add-on Study Method / 예방의학회지

Objectives@#Disability weights require regular updates, as they are influenced by both diseases and societal perceptions. Consequently, it is necessary to develop an up-to-date list of the causes of diseases and establish a survey panel for estimating disability weights. Accordingly, this study was conducted to calculate, assess, modify, and validate disability weights suitable for Korea, accounting for its cultural and social characteristics. @*Methods@#The 380 causes of disease used in the survey were derived from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Collaborative Network and from 2019 and 2020 Korean studies on disability weights for causes of disease. Disability weights were reanalyzed by integrating the findings of an earlier survey on disability weights in Korea with those of the additional survey conducted in this study. The responses were transformed into paired comparisons and analyzed using probit regression analysis. Coefficients for the causes of disease were converted into predicted probabilities, and disability weights in 2 models (model 1 and 2) were rescaled using a normal distribution and the natural logarithm, respectively. @*Results@#The mean values for the 380 causes of disease in models 1 and 2 were 0.488 and 0.369, respectively. Both models exhibited the same order of disability weights. The disability weights for the 300 causes of disease present in both the current and 2019 studies demonstrated a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.994 (p=0.001 for both models). This study presents a detailed add-on approach for calculating disability weights. @*Conclusions@#This method can be employed in other countries to obtain timely disability weight estimations.

Successful Early Lamotrigine and Aripiprazole Augmentation of Clomipramine in Severe Obsessive-compulsive Disorder

Lamotrigine and aripiprazole have shown efficacy as augmentation agents of serotonin reuptake inhibitors for treatment-resistant obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). To date, the efficacy of lamotrigine/aripiprazole augmentation has not been reported in OCD treatment. Herein, we report the case of a 37-year-old male with severe OCD and comorbid depression whose symptoms markedly improved after low-dose lamotrigine/aripiprazole augmentation to clomipramine.Our report suggests that early glutamatergic/antipsychotic augmentation contributes to rapid remission of OCD symptoms.

The association between adverse childhood experiences and self-harm among South Korean children and adolescents: a cross-sectional study

Purpose@#Adolescent self-harm is a public health problem. Research suggests a link between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and self-destructive behaviors. Few studies, however, have examined the effects of ACEs on self-harm among Asian adolescents. This study explored the association between lifetime ACEs and a history of self-harm among Korean children and adolescents in elementary, middle, and high schools. @*Methods@#A cross-sectional, retrospective medical record review was conducted on a dataset of a national psychiatrist advisory service for school counselors who participated in the Wee Doctor Service from January 1 to December 31, 2020. The data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression to predict self-harm. @*Results@#Student cases (n=171) were referred to psychiatrists by school counselors for remote consultation. Multiple logistic regression analyses revealed that the odds of self-harm were higher among high school students (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]=4.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]=1.94-12.76), those with two or more ACEs (aOR=3.27; 95% CI=1.43-7.47), and those with depression (aOR=3.06; 95% CI=1.32-7.10). @*Conclusion@#The study's findings provide compelling evidence that exposure to ACEs can increase vulnerability to self-harm among Korean students. Students with a history of ACEs and depression, as well as high school students, require increased attention during counseling. School counselors can benefit from incorporating screening assessment tools that include questions related to ACEs and depression. Establishing a systematic referral system to connect students with experts can enhance the likelihood of identifying self-harm tendencies and offering the essential support to prevent self-harm.

Relevance Index Regional Variation by Each Disease and Its Essential Medical Field: A Retrospective Data Analysis From 2016-2020 in Korea

Background@#To precisely build a healthcare delivery system at regional levels, local patients’ healthcare service utilization patterns must be examined. Hence, this study utilized trend analysis of the relevance index of each disease of each essential medical service field at the municipal and provincial levels. @*Methods@#This study analyzed customized databases released by the National Health Insurance Service from 2016–2020. Diseases defined in the Korean National Burden of Disease (KNBD) study were categorized into the following essential medical service fields:trauma care, cardiocerebrovascular, maternal and neonatal, mental health, infection, cancer, older adults’ care and rehabilitation, and others. Relevance index, the percentage of medical service utilization in a region by the residents of that region relative to their total medical service utilization, was examined by region (17 municipal and provincial regions) and disease area. The relevance index was determined based on the number of patients and the total outof-pocket expenses.Result: Eight of the 17 regions showed over a 90.0% relevance index in the infection area. In the cancer area, 14 regions (not including Seoul, Daegu, and Busan) had a relevance index lower than 75.0%. Throughout the analysis period (2016–2020), there were no significant variations in the relevance index. Diseases such as bone and connective tissue cancer (39.0%), neural tube defects (16.7%), and autism (57.1%) had low relevance index in the essential medical service fields. In all 17 regions, the relevance index of inpatients was lower than that of outpatients, and that for out-of-pocket expenses was lower than that based on the number of patients. @*Conclusion@#The relevance index of major diseases of each essential medical service field calculated in this study can provide good indicators for monitoring the level of an independent regional healthcare delivery system.

Trends and Patterns of Cancer Burdens by Region and Income Level in Korea: A National Representative Big Data Analysis / Journal of the Korean Cancer Association, 대한암학회지

Purpose@#This study aimed to elucidate the trends and characteristics of the cancer burden in Korea by cancer site, region, and income level. @*Materials and Methods@#Korean National Burden of Disease research methodology was applied to measure the cancer burden in Korea from 2008 to 2018. The cause of death and national health insurance claims data were obtained from Statistics Korea and the National Health Insurance Service, respectively. An incidence-based approach was applied to calculate the disability-adjusted life-years, which is a summary measure of population health. @*Results@#In the past decade, the cancer burden in Korea increased from 2,088 to 2,457 person-years per 100,000 population. Among the cancer burden, the years of life lost decreased, and the years lived with disabilities increased. Cancers of the trachea, bronchus, and lung had the highest disease burden, followed by those of the stomach, colon and rectum, liver, and breast. @*Conclusion@#The findings of this study can provide valuable quantitative data for prioritizing and evaluating cancer prevention strategies and implementing cancer policies. Estimating the difference in cancer burden according to region and income level within a country can yield useful data to understand the nature of the cancer burden and scale of the problem. In addition, the results of this study provide a better understanding of the causes of cancer patterns, thereby generating new hypotheses regarding its pathogenesis.

Psychosocial Factors Influencing Quality of Life Among Medical Students

Objective@#This study investigated the influence of psychosocial factors on medical students’ quality of life (QOL). @*Methods@#A total of 408 medical students participated in this study. We collected data on participants’ sociodemographic details, symptoms of depression and Internet addiction, self-esteem, social support, and QOL. QOL was assessed using the World Health Organization Quality of Life-Abbreviated form, which has four domains (physical health, psychological health, social relationships, and environment). A stepwise multiple linear regression model was constructed to identify factors’ independent impact on QOL. @*Results@#Higher levels of depression and Internet addiction were associated with lower scores in all domains of QOL, whereas higher levels of self-esteem and social support were associated with higher scores. Being in third-year versus first-year was associated with higher scores in the physical health and environment domains. Living alone or in dormitories, low or middle socioeconomic status, and insufficient or moderate pocket money were associated with lower scores in the environment domain. Additionally, female students displayed significantly lower scores for physical health, psychological health, and environment than male students, but not for social relationships. There were significant differences in certain domains of QOL due to sociodemographic factors. @*Conclusion@#This study demonstrates the psychosocial factors influencing medical students’ QOL. Educational strategies focusing on strengthening self-esteem and social support as well as preventing depression and Internet addiction may contribute to improving medical students’ QOL.

Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions on the rate of respiratory viruses other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 in the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

Purpose@#We aimed to evaluate the impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) on the transmission of respiratory viruses other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among children during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. @*Methods@#We analyzed the clinical and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) findings using electronic medical records of children (< 18 years) with fever or respiratory symptoms who were hospitalized via the emergency department of Wonkwang University Hospital (Iksan, Korea), from March 2018 through December 2021. The children were divided into before and after groups based on the hospitalization date relative to February 2020, starting point of the implementation of NPIs. PCR was performed using nasopharyngeal swab samples. Between the 2 groups, we compared age, sex, length of hospital stay, and PCR findings. @*Results@#The before and after groups consisted of 3,160 and 989, respectively, showing a 68.7% decrease in the number of children undergoing PCRs after the implantation of NPIs. The after group showed higher median values of the age and length of hospital stay than the before group (Ps < 0.001). A 76.9% decrease was noted in the number of children having PCR positivities (from 1,101 [34.8%] to 254 [25.7%]; P < 0.001). Among detected viruses, an increase in the proportion was noted only in human bocavirus (from 81 [2.6%] to 54 [5.5%]; P < 0.001). In contrast, significant decreases in the proportions were found in adenovirus, enterovirus, influenza A and B, respiratory syncytial viruses A and B, human coronaviruses (229E, NL63, and OC43) and human metapneumovirus. @*Conclusion@#NPIs may be effective in reducing the transmission of respiratory viruses other than severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 among children during the pandemic.

Comparative Study on the Clinical Characteristics of Transient Tachypnea of Newborns according to the Need for Invasive Mechanical Ventilation

Purpose@#Transient tachypnea of the newborn (TTN) is the most prevalent respiratory disease worldwide. Many neonates with TTN generally demonstrate spontaneous improvement. However, only few patients present with severe complications. This study aimed to investigate the differences in clinical features to identify neonates at risk for further complications. @*Methods@#Between January 2015 and December 2020, 267 neonates who developed dyspnea within 6 h of birth were delivered at a gestational age of at least 37 weeks. The experimental group (group E) included 44 neonates who required invasive mechanical ventilation, whereas the control group (group C) included 223 neonates who required only observation or non-invasive respiratory support. We analyzed the differences in clinical and perinatal factors between the two groups. @*Results@#Gestational age and pH on arterial blood gas analysis at admission were significantly lower in group E (p90 breaths/min), and pneumothorax, were more frequently observed in group E (p90 breaths/min), and need for respiratory assistance (fraction of inspired oxygen concentration ≥0.25) are predictive factors for increased risk of progression to a more severe disease course in neonates with TTN. Additional studies are needed to identify definitive factors that can differentiate TTN that improves spontaneously from TTN that requires intensive care.

The Effect of Luteolin on the Modulation of Vascular Contractility via ROCK and CPI-17 Inactivation

In this investigation, we made a study of the efficacy of luteolin (a flavonoid found in plants such as vegetables, herbs and fruits) on vascular contractibility and to elucidate the mechanism underlying the relaxation. Isometric contractions of denuded muscles were stored and combined with western blot analysis which was conducted to assess the phosphorylation of myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) and phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory protein for myosin phosphatase (CPI-17) and to examine the effect of luteolin on the RhoA/ROCK/CPI-17 pathway. Luteolin significantly alleviated phorbol ester-, fluoride- and thromboxane mimetic-elicited contractions regardless of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, implying its direct effect on smooth muscle. It also significantly alleviated the fluoride-elicited elevation in pCPI-17 and pMYPT1 levels and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate-elicited in-crease in pERK1/2 level, suggesting depression of ROCK and PKC/MEK activity and ensuing phosphorylation of MYPT1, CPI-17 and ERK1/2. Taken together, these results suggest that luteolin-elicited relaxation includes myosin phosphatase reactivation and calcium desensitization, which seems to be arbitrated by CPI-17 dephosphorylation via ROCK/PKC inhibition.

A Review of the Types and Characteristics of Healthy Life Expectancy and Methodological Issues / 예방의학회지

An index that evaluates the health level of a population group considering both death and loss of function due to disease is called a summary measure of population health (SMPH). SMPHs are broadly divided into life year indices and life expectancy indices, the latter of which comprise healthy life expectancy (HLE). HLE is included as a policy target in various national and regional level healthcare plans, and the term “HLE” is commonly used in academia and by the public. However, the overall level of understanding of HLE—such as the precise definition of HLE and methods of calculating HLE—still seems to be low. As discussed in this study, the types of HLE are classified into disability-free life expectancy, disease-free life expectancy, quality-adjusted life expectancy, self-rated HLE, and disability-adjusted life expectancy. Their characteristics are examined to facilitate a correct understanding and appropriate utilization of HLE. In addition, the Sullivan method, as a representative method for calculating HLE, is presented in detail, and major issues in the process of calculating HLE, such as selection of the population group and age group, estimation of death probability, calculation of life years, and incorporation of health weights, are reviewed. This study will help researchers to select an appropriate HLE type and evaluate the validity of HLE research results, and it is expected to contribute to the vitalization of HLE research.

DALY Estimation Approaches: Understanding and Using the Incidence-based Approach and the Prevalence-based Approach / 예방의학회지

Disability-adjusted life-year (DALY) estimates may vary according to factors such as the standard life expectancy, age weighting, time preference and discount rate, calculation of disability weights, and selection of the estimation method. DALY estimation methods are divided into the following 3 approaches: the incidence-based approach, the pure prevalence-based approach, and the hybrid approach. These 3 DALY estimation approaches each reflect different perspectives on the burden of disease using unique characteristics, based on which the selection of a suitable approach may vary by the purpose of the study. The Global Burden of Disease studies, which previously estimated DALYs using the incidence-based approach, switched to using the hybrid approach in 2010, while the National Burden of Disease studies in Korea still mainly apply the incidence-based approach. In order to increase comparability with other international burden of disease studies, more DALY studies using the prevalence-based approach need to be conducted in Korea. However, with the limitations of the hybrid approach in mind, it is necessary to conduct more research using a disease classification system suitable for Korea. Furthermore, more detailed and valid data sources should be established before conducting studies using a broader variety of DALY estimation approaches. This review study will help researchers on burden of disease use an appropriate DALY estimation approach and will contribute to enhancing researchers’ ability to critically interpret burden of disease studies.

Association Between Bullying Behavior and Suicidal Ideation Among Middle School Adolescents * / 생물치료정신의학

Objectives@#：This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of bullying behavior and its association with suicidal ideation among middle school students. @*Methods@#：This was a cross sectional study of a sample including 781 second grade middle school students(438 males and 343 females) in Gwang-ju metropolitan city. Information on bullying involvement, suicidal ideation and depressive/anxiety symptoms were collected using a self-administered questionnaire. Subjects were classified into subgroups of bully, victim, bully or victim, bully-victim, and witnessing. The data were analyzed using binary logistic regression analyses, adjusted for covariates. @*Results@#：The prevalence of bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, bullying witnessing and suicidal ideation were 26.5%, 24.5%, 21.6% and 26%, respectively. Suicidal ideation was positively correlated with bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, bullying witnessing. Using binary logistic regression analyses, the odds ratio of bully-victim group compared to non bullying involvement was 2.41, the highest among all groups. @*Conclusions@#：Our findings indicate that school bullying, victim, and witnessing are associated with suicidal ideation, especially in bully and victim group. In addition, it is essential to develop prevention strategies and interventions for adolescents involved in any bullying involvement.

The Effect of Galangin on the Regulation of Vascular Contractility via the Holoenzyme Reactivation Suppressing ROCK/CPI-17 rather than PKC/CPI-17

In this study, we investigated the influence of galangin on vascular contractibility and to determine the mechanism underlying the relaxation. Isometric contractions of denuded aortic muscles were recorded and combined with western blot analysis which was performed to measure the phosphorylation of phosphorylation-dependent inhibitory protein of myosin phosphatase (CPI-17) and myosin phosphatase targeting subunit 1 (MYPT1) and to evaluate the effect of galangin on the RhoA/ROCK/CPI-17 pathway.Galangin significantly inhibited phorbol ester-, fluoride- and thromboxane mimetic-induced vasoconstrictions regardless of endothelial nitric oxide synthesis, suggesting its direct effect on vascular smooth muscle. Galangin significantly inhibited the fluoridedependent increase in pMYPT1 and pCPI-17 levels and phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate-dependent increase in pERK1/2 level, suggesting repression of ROCK and MEK activity and subsequent phosphorylation of MYPT1, CPI-17 and ERK1/2. Taken together, these results suggest that galangin-induced relaxation involves myosin phosphatase reactivation and calcium desensitization, which appears to be mediated by CPI-17 dephosphorylation via not PKC but ROCK inactivation.

Engineering Brain Organoids: Toward Mature Neural Circuitry with an Intact Cytoarchitecture

The emergence of brain organoids as a model system has been a tremendously exciting development in the field of neuroscience. Brain organoids are a gateway to exploring the intricacies of human-specific neurogenesis that have so far eluded the neuroscience community. Regardless, current culture methods have a long way to go in terms of accuracy and reproducibility. To perfectly mimic the human brain, we need to recapitulate the complex in vivo context of the human fetal brain and achieve mature neural circuitry with an intact cytoarchitecture. In this review, we explore the major challenges facing the current brain organoid systems, potential technical breakthroughs to advance brain organoid techniques up to levels similar to an in vivo human developing brain, and the future prospects of this technology.

Internet Addiction and Its Associations with Clinical and Psychosocial Factors in Medical Students

Objective@#Excessive internet use has been associated with various psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial factors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of internet addiction (IA) and its associations with clinical (depression/social anxiety) and psychosocial (self-esteem/perceived social support) factors in medical students. @*Methods@#In total, 408 medical students at one university in Korea were included in this study. IA symptoms were assessed with Young’s Internet Addiction Test, and scores of 50 or higher were considered to indicate IA. Participants were asked to complete the Beck Depression Inventory, Social Phobia Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Duke-University of North Carolina Functional Social Support Questionnaire. A logistic regression model was constructed to examine the impact of clinical and psychosocial factors on IA. @*Results@#Forty-seven participants (11.5%) were identified as having IA. Self-esteem was associated with a lower risk of IA, whereas depression and social anxiety were associated with a higher risk of IA. Depression, social anxiety, low self-esteem, and low perceived social support were found to be significant correlates of IA. Young’s Internet Addiction Test score positively correlated with Beck Depression Inventory and Social Phobia Inventory scores, but negatively correlated with Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Duke-University of North Carolina Functional Social Support Questionnaire scores. Furthermore, the prevalence of IA was highest in first-year medical students. @*Conclusion@#This study revealed the possible risk and protective factors of IA. Our findings indicate that strengthening self-esteem and reducing depression and social anxiety may contribute to the prevention and management of IA in medical students.

Association between Alcohol Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome Determined by Facial Flushing in Korean Women / 가정의학회지

Background@#This study aimed to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in Korean women as determined by facial flushing. @*Methods@#Of the female patients aged 4 standard drinks: OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 2.03–8.30) of the facial flushing group. The risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly high only in the subgroup of weekly alcohol consumption >4 standard drinks (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.07–4.52) in the non-facial flushing group. @*Conclusion@#This study suggests that Korean women experiencing facial flushing when drinking have a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome even with a low weekly drinking amount than those who do not experience face flushing.

Lactobacillus attenuates progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by lowering cholesterol and steatosis

Background/Aims@#Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely related to gut-microbiome. There is a paucity of research on which strains of gut microbiota affect the progression of NAFLD. This study explored the NAFLD-associated microbiome in humans and the role of Lactobacillus in the progression of NAFLD in mice. @*Methods@#The gut microbiome was analyzed via next-generation sequencing in healthy people (n=37) and NAFLD patients with elevated liver enzymes (n=57). Six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were separated into six groups (n=10 per group; normal, Western, and four Western diet + strains [109 colony-forming units/g for 8 weeks; L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, L. paracasei, and L. plantarum]). Liver/body weight ratio, liver pathology, serum analysis, and metagenomics in the mice were examined. @*Results@#Compared to healthy subjects (1.6±4.3), NAFLD patients showed an elevated Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio (25.0±29.0) and a reduced composition of Akkermansia and L. murinus (P<0.05). In the animal experiment, L. acidophilus group was associated with a significant reduction in liver/body weight ratio (5.5±0.4) compared to the Western group (6.2±0.6) (P<0.05). L. acidophilus (41.0±8.6), L. fermentum (44.3±12.6), and L. plantarum (39.0±7.6) groups showed decreased cholesterol levels compared to the Western group (85.7±8.6) (P<0.05). In comparison of steatosis, L. acidophilus (1.9±0.6), L. plantarum (2.4±0.7), and L. paracasei (2.0±0.9) groups showed significant improvement of steatosis compared to the Western group (2.6±0.5) (P<0.05). @*Conclusions@#Ingestion of Lactobacillus, such as L. acidophilus, L. fermentum, and L. plantarum, ameliorates the progression of nonalcoholic steatosis by lowering cholesterol. The use of Lactobacillus can be considered as a useful strategy for the treatment of NAFLD.

Internet Addiction and Its Associations with Clinical and Psychosocial Factors in Medical Students

Objective@#Excessive internet use has been associated with various psychiatric symptoms and psychosocial factors. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of internet addiction (IA) and its associations with clinical (depression/social anxiety) and psychosocial (self-esteem/perceived social support) factors in medical students. @*Methods@#In total, 408 medical students at one university in Korea were included in this study. IA symptoms were assessed with Young’s Internet Addiction Test, and scores of 50 or higher were considered to indicate IA. Participants were asked to complete the Beck Depression Inventory, Social Phobia Inventory, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Duke-University of North Carolina Functional Social Support Questionnaire. A logistic regression model was constructed to examine the impact of clinical and psychosocial factors on IA. @*Results@#Forty-seven participants (11.5%) were identified as having IA. Self-esteem was associated with a lower risk of IA, whereas depression and social anxiety were associated with a higher risk of IA. Depression, social anxiety, low self-esteem, and low perceived social support were found to be significant correlates of IA. Young’s Internet Addiction Test score positively correlated with Beck Depression Inventory and Social Phobia Inventory scores, but negatively correlated with Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale and Duke-University of North Carolina Functional Social Support Questionnaire scores. Furthermore, the prevalence of IA was highest in first-year medical students. @*Conclusion@#This study revealed the possible risk and protective factors of IA. Our findings indicate that strengthening self-esteem and reducing depression and social anxiety may contribute to the prevention and management of IA in medical students.

Association between Alcohol Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome Determined by Facial Flushing in Korean Women / 가정의학회지

Background@#This study aimed to examine the relationship between alcohol consumption and metabolic syndrome in Korean women as determined by facial flushing. @*Methods@#Of the female patients aged 4 standard drinks: OR, 4.16; 95% CI, 2.03–8.30) of the facial flushing group. The risk of metabolic syndrome was significantly high only in the subgroup of weekly alcohol consumption >4 standard drinks (OR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.07–4.52) in the non-facial flushing group. @*Conclusion@#This study suggests that Korean women experiencing facial flushing when drinking have a higher risk of developing metabolic syndrome even with a low weekly drinking amount than those who do not experience face flushing.