Differences in the Gait Pattern and Muscle Activity of the Lower Extremities during Forward and Backward Walking on Sand

Purpose@#The purpose of this study was to compare the spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters and muscle activity of the lower extremities between forward walking on sand (FWS) and backward walking on sand (BWS) in normal adults. @*Methods@#This study was conducted on 13 healthy adults. Subjects performed FWS and BWS and the spatiotemporal and kinematic gait parameters of stride time, stride length, velocity, cadence, step length, stance, swing, double support, and hip range of motion (ROM), knee ROM were measured by a wearable inertial measurement unit system. In addition, the muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), biceps femoris (BF), tibialis anterior (TA), and gastrocnemius (GA) was measured. @*Results@#The stride length, stride velocity, cadence, and step length in the BWS were significantly lower than FWS (p 0.05). The kinematic gait parameters, including hip and knee joint range of motion in BWS, were significantly lower than FWS (p 0.05). @*Conclusion@#A strategy to increase stability by changing the gait parameters is used in BWS, and this study confirmed that BWS was a safe and effective movement to increase RF muscle activity without straining the joints. Therefore, BWS can be recommended for effective activation of the RF.

Recognition of Physical Activity between Physical Therapy

Purpose@#This study was to the investigate recognition of physical activity between physical therapy students (PTS) and non-physical therapy students (NPTS) by measuring the level of physical activity using International Physical Activity Questionnaires (IPAQ). @*Methods@#A cross-sectional survey was completed by 191 university students. The IPAQ with an additional question (Is physical activity necessary for your future job?) was used to evaluate the recognition and the amount of physical activity. The collected data were calculated as MET-minutes scores and were classified as walking, moderate, and vigorous level of physical activity. The students were analyzed by dividing them into those who had a part-time employment (16 PTS and 12 NPTS) and those who did not have a part-time employment (80 PTS and 83 NPTS). @*Results@#In students with a part-time employment, no significances were observed between the PTS and NPTS, in terms of MET, frequency and time of physical activity, and sitting time (p > 0.05). In students without a part-time employment, the NPTS was significantly higher than the PTS for the MET and frequency of physical activity in a vigorous level (p 0.05). In the additional question, the PTS showed a slightly higher than the NPTS (p < 0.05). @*Conclusion@#The physical therapy students did not remarkable barrier to recognition of physical activity, but there was a difference in their recognition of the vigorous level of physical activity. Therefore, the understanding of physical activity for PTS would play an important role in the recognition of how physical activity can be promoted.

Intervention Strategy Applied ICF Checklists for Sitting Cross-Legged in Patient with Multiple Ligament Knee Injury: Single Subject Study

Purpose@#This study applies the ICF to identify the patient’s body function, structure, and participation, evaluates the patient’s environmental factors and individual factors, and is a high level of movement to return to the society of patients with multiple ligament injury of the knee joint. @*Methods@#Progressive strength training and ROM exercise were performed 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week for 6 weeks. The evaluation was performed by examining the ROM, length, MMT, instability, dynamic balance, pain and depression. @*Results@#The ROM of the knee joint was improved from 110° to 135° after intervention, and the knee flexion length decreased from 69 cm to 45 cm. Knee flexor is Good after intervention from Poor-, and knee extensor is Good+ after intervention from Poor, and the plantar flexor of the ankle joint improved from Poor- before intervention to Good after intervention and dorsi-flexor of the ankle joint improve to Good from Poor. Pain index was moderate before and after the intervention, with a score of 3, 2 after the intervention, and when maintaining the sitting cross-legged, the before intervention score was 7 to 4 after the intervention. @*Conclusion@#The patient’s posture of sitting cross-legged was maintained from 30 seconds before intervention to 14 minutes after intervention. These results were able to set the hypothesis design, intervention method and goal that the multifaceted approach of environment and individual factors as well as body function and structure area, activity and participation area using ICF checklists, it is helped the patient to return to daily life.

Changes in Lower Limb Muscle Activity during Lunge according to the Different Angle of Ankle Joint

Purpose@#This study compared the muscle activity of the lower limb according to the three types of fixed angles of the ankle joint during a lunge exercise. @*Methods@#Twenty healthy subjects performed the lunge motion in a trial including the three types of fixed angle. The lunge motion with a neutral, 20° dorsiflexion, and 20° plantarflexion of the ankle joint were randomized and measured repeatedly. The muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and semitendinosus (ST) was measured by surface electromyography. @*Results@#In the change in ankle joint angle, the RF, VL, BF, and ST muscle activity showed significant differences (p<0.05). In the 20° dorsiflexion position, the muscle activity of VL, BF, and ST showed a significant decrease compared to that in the neutral position (p<0.017). The muscle activity of RF and VL in the neutral position was greater than that in the 20° plantarflexion position (p<0.017). Only the muscle activity of the BF in the 20° plantarflexion position was significantly greater than the 20° dorsiflexion position (p<0.017). @*Conclusion@#These results revealed a difference in the muscle activity of lower extremities in the proximal region according to the angle of the ankle joint during the lunge.

Effects of Therapeutic Massage and Home Exercise Program on Pain, Range of Motion, Depression, and Quality of Life after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

Purpose@#This study examined the effects of therapeutic massage (TMP) and home exercise program (HEP) on pain, range of motion (ROM), depression, and quality of life (QOL) after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in middle-aged women. @*Methods@#Nineteen middle-aged women who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were enrolled in the study. All subjects were assigned randomly to the experimental group (n=9) or the control group (n=10). The subjects in both groups performed HEP for 30 minutes, three times per day, for eight weeks. The subjects in the experimental group also performed HEP, with TMP being performed for 30 minutes, 16 sessions for eight weeks. All subjects were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS), shoulder ROM, self-rating depression scale (SDS), and Korean brief version of WHO quality of life scale (WHOQOL-BREF). A paired t-test was performed to test the significant differences between before and after the intervention. An independent t-test was conducted to test the significant differences between the groups. @*Results@#Following the intervention, both groups showed significant differences than before the intervention in the VAS, shoulder ROM, SDS, and WHOQOL-BREF (p<0.05). There were significant differences in the ROM of shoulder flexion, SDS, and WHOQOL-BREF between the groups (p<0.05). @*Conclusion@#These findings suggest that intensive TMP is an effective method for improving shoulder flexion mobility, depressive symptom, and QOL in middle-aged women after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Intervention Strategy Applied ICF Checklists for Sitting Cross-Legged in Patient with Multiple Ligament Knee Injury: Single Subject Study

Purpose@#This study applies the ICF to identify the patient’s body function, structure, and participation, evaluates the patient’s environmental factors and individual factors, and is a high level of movement to return to the society of patients with multiple ligament injury of the knee joint. @*Methods@#Progressive strength training and ROM exercise were performed 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week for 6 weeks. The evaluation was performed by examining the ROM, length, MMT, instability, dynamic balance, pain and depression. @*Results@#The ROM of the knee joint was improved from 110° to 135° after intervention, and the knee flexion length decreased from 69 cm to 45 cm. Knee flexor is Good after intervention from Poor-, and knee extensor is Good+ after intervention from Poor, and the plantar flexor of the ankle joint improved from Poor- before intervention to Good after intervention and dorsi-flexor of the ankle joint improve to Good from Poor. Pain index was moderate before and after the intervention, with a score of 3, 2 after the intervention, and when maintaining the sitting cross-legged, the before intervention score was 7 to 4 after the intervention. @*Conclusion@#The patient’s posture of sitting cross-legged was maintained from 30 seconds before intervention to 14 minutes after intervention. These results were able to set the hypothesis design, intervention method and goal that the multifaceted approach of environment and individual factors as well as body function and structure area, activity and participation area using ICF checklists, it is helped the patient to return to daily life.

Changes in Lower Limb Muscle Activity during Lunge according to the Different Angle of Ankle Joint

Purpose@#This study compared the muscle activity of the lower limb according to the three types of fixed angles of the ankle joint during a lunge exercise. @*Methods@#Twenty healthy subjects performed the lunge motion in a trial including the three types of fixed angle. The lunge motion with a neutral, 20° dorsiflexion, and 20° plantarflexion of the ankle joint were randomized and measured repeatedly. The muscle activity of the rectus femoris (RF), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF), and semitendinosus (ST) was measured by surface electromyography. @*Results@#In the change in ankle joint angle, the RF, VL, BF, and ST muscle activity showed significant differences (p<0.05). In the 20° dorsiflexion position, the muscle activity of VL, BF, and ST showed a significant decrease compared to that in the neutral position (p<0.017). The muscle activity of RF and VL in the neutral position was greater than that in the 20° plantarflexion position (p<0.017). Only the muscle activity of the BF in the 20° plantarflexion position was significantly greater than the 20° dorsiflexion position (p<0.017). @*Conclusion@#These results revealed a difference in the muscle activity of lower extremities in the proximal region according to the angle of the ankle joint during the lunge.

Effects of Therapeutic Massage and Home Exercise Program on Pain, Range of Motion, Depression, and Quality of Life after Arthroscopic Rotator Cuff Repair

Purpose@#This study examined the effects of therapeutic massage (TMP) and home exercise program (HEP) on pain, range of motion (ROM), depression, and quality of life (QOL) after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair in middle-aged women. @*Methods@#Nineteen middle-aged women who underwent arthroscopic rotator cuff repair were enrolled in the study. All subjects were assigned randomly to the experimental group (n=9) or the control group (n=10). The subjects in both groups performed HEP for 30 minutes, three times per day, for eight weeks. The subjects in the experimental group also performed HEP, with TMP being performed for 30 minutes, 16 sessions for eight weeks. All subjects were evaluated with a visual analogue scale (VAS), shoulder ROM, self-rating depression scale (SDS), and Korean brief version of WHO quality of life scale (WHOQOL-BREF). A paired t-test was performed to test the significant differences between before and after the intervention. An independent t-test was conducted to test the significant differences between the groups. @*Results@#Following the intervention, both groups showed significant differences than before the intervention in the VAS, shoulder ROM, SDS, and WHOQOL-BREF (p<0.05). There were significant differences in the ROM of shoulder flexion, SDS, and WHOQOL-BREF between the groups (p<0.05). @*Conclusion@#These findings suggest that intensive TMP is an effective method for improving shoulder flexion mobility, depressive symptom, and QOL in middle-aged women after arthroscopic rotator cuff repair.

Dorsal Neck Muscle Fatigue Affects Cervical Range of Motion and Proprioception in Adults with the Forward Head Posture

Purpose@#This study was to investigate the effect of dorsal neck muscle fatigue on the cervical range of motion (CROM) and proprioception in adults with the forward head posture (FHP). @*Methods@#Thirty pain-free subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects were measured the forward head angle by taking the capture of the sagittal plane of their upper body to determine the FHP. Subjects were distributed into two groups: the FHP group (n=14) and Control group (n=16). All subjects were measured the CROM and the Head repositioning accuracy (HRA) for joint proprioception before and after inducing muscle fatigue of the dorsal neck. The CROM and HRA were measured in neck flexion, extension, right-left lateral flexion, and right-left rotation. Sorenson’s test was used to induce muscle fatigue of the dorsal neck. @*Results@#Total CROMs were significantly decreased after dorsal neck muscle fatigue in both groups (p0.05). Total CROM changes were not significant differences between groups (p>0.05), but total HRA changes were significant differences between groups (p0.05). @*Conclusion@#Immediate CROM and proprioception reduction after the dorsal neck muscle fatigue were observed in adults with the FHP. Therefore, FHP can significantly affect the CROM and positioning consistency of cervical proprioception.

Comparison of the Static Balance Ability according to the Subjective Visual Vertical in Healthy Adults

Purpose@#The subjective visual vertical (SVV) test is used to evaluate the otolith function in the inner ear. This study compared the different balance ability according to the results of the SVV in healthy adults. @*Methods@#This study recruited 30 normal healthy subjects who did not have neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. The subjects were divided into experimental and control groups based on the results of SVV: experimental group, >2°; control group, <2°. The static balance ability was evaluated using the Fourier Index, which could evaluate the balance capacity objectively and quantitatively. @*Results@#The mean angle of the SVV in the experimental and control groups was 4.44° and 0.59°, respectively. In the result of the Fourier series, the F1 frequency band in the experimental group showed a significantly higher value under one condition compared to the control group (p<0.05). In the F2-4 and F5-6 frequency bands, the experimental group showed a significant increase in the Fourier series value under the four conditions compared to the control group (p<0.05). In the F7-8 frequency band, significantly higher values of the Fourier series were observed in the experimental group under the three different conditions (p<0.05). @*Conclusion@#These results showed increased trunk sway while maintaining static balance in the experimental group who showed a larger SVV angle compared to the control group. The SVV can be applied to evaluate the vestibular system and balance ability in normal adults.

A Comparison Study of Cervical Flexion-Relaxation Ratio in the Normal and Forward Head Postures

Purpose@#This study aimed to examine the effects of forward head posture on the flexion-relaxation ratio (FRR) and muscle activity during sustained neck flexion and to investigate the correlation between craniovertebral angle and FRR. @*Methods@#Nineteen subjects participated in this study and were allocated to a forward head posture (FHP) group or a non-forward head posture (NFHP) group. Craniovertebral angle (CVA) and FRR were measured in all subjects, and all participants performed a standardized cervical flexion-extension movement in two phases: Phase I, sustained cervical full flexion for 5s; and Phase II, cervical extension with the return to the starting position for 5s. The value of CVA has calculated three times, and the value of FRR was measured three times in order to obtain the mean value. @*Results@#FRR values in the FHP and NFHP group were significantly different (p0.05). There was a significant correlation between the muscle activity of Phase I and CVA (p0.05). @*Conclusion@#FHP increases the muscle activity of the cervical erector spinae during sustained neck flexion and reduces FRR, which can cause fatigue in the cervical erector spinae. In addition, for those with a smaller CVA, muscle activity of the cervical erector spinae is increased during sustained neck flexion, which can increase neck muscle tension.

Injury of Corticostriatal Tract between the Striatum and the Premotor Area in a Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives@#We investigated injury of corticostriatal (CStr) tract in patient with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), which was demonstrated by DTT.Method: A 44-year-old female with no previous history of neurological, physical, or psychiatric illness had suffered from head trauma resulting from a pedestrian car accident. She complained that could not quickly move the left hand with her intension. After three month’s administration, her slowness movement of left hand recovered rapidly to the point that she was able to extend all fingers quickly. @*Results@#On DTT configuration, the integrity of the left CStr tract was well-preserved, however the right CStr tract showed narrowing and partial tearing in the subcortical white matter on a DTT at 25 months after onset. @*Conclusion@#Injury of the right CStr tract was demonstrated in a patient who developed mild motor control problems following mild TBI. We believe that the evaluation of the CStr tract from the secondary motor area for patients who showed unexplained motor control problem is necessary.

The Effects of Horse-riding Simulator Training with Dual-task on Pulmonary Function and Flexibility in Healthy Adults

Purpose@#The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a simultaneous dual-task and horse-riding simulator (HRS) training regime on pulmonary function and flexibility. @*Methods@#Sixteen subjects were recruited and randomly allocated to two groups: a dual-task (DT) (n=8) or a single-task (ST) (n=8) training group. Flexibility and pulmonary function were assessed before and after HRS training. Both groups underwent HRS training for 4 weeks, 3 times/week in 15-minute training sessions. The ST group underwent HRS training and the DT group underwent dual-task HRS training, which consisted of throwing and catching a ball and ring catching while HRS training. @*Results@#Training significantly increased flexibility and FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) in both groups (p0.05). After the training, flexibility and FVC in the DT group were significantly greater than in the ST group (p0.05). @*Conclusion@#Simultaneous dual-task and HRS motor training improved flexibility, FVC, and FEV1, and our comparative analysis suggests that dual-task HRS training improved flexibility and FVC more than single-task training.

Dorsal Neck Muscle Fatigue Affects Cervical Range of Motion and Proprioception in Adults with the Forward Head Posture

Purpose@#This study was to investigate the effect of dorsal neck muscle fatigue on the cervical range of motion (CROM) and proprioception in adults with the forward head posture (FHP). @*Methods@#Thirty pain-free subjects were enrolled in this study. All subjects were measured the forward head angle by taking the capture of the sagittal plane of their upper body to determine the FHP. Subjects were distributed into two groups: the FHP group (n=14) and Control group (n=16). All subjects were measured the CROM and the Head repositioning accuracy (HRA) for joint proprioception before and after inducing muscle fatigue of the dorsal neck. The CROM and HRA were measured in neck flexion, extension, right-left lateral flexion, and right-left rotation. Sorenson’s test was used to induce muscle fatigue of the dorsal neck. @*Results@#Total CROMs were significantly decreased after dorsal neck muscle fatigue in both groups (p0.05). Total CROM changes were not significant differences between groups (p>0.05), but total HRA changes were significant differences between groups (p0.05). @*Conclusion@#Immediate CROM and proprioception reduction after the dorsal neck muscle fatigue were observed in adults with the FHP. Therefore, FHP can significantly affect the CROM and positioning consistency of cervical proprioception.

Comparison of the Static Balance Ability according to the Subjective Visual Vertical in Healthy Adults

Purpose@#The subjective visual vertical (SVV) test is used to evaluate the otolith function in the inner ear. This study compared the different balance ability according to the results of the SVV in healthy adults. @*Methods@#This study recruited 30 normal healthy subjects who did not have neurological and musculoskeletal disorders. The subjects were divided into experimental and control groups based on the results of SVV: experimental group, >2°; control group, <2°. The static balance ability was evaluated using the Fourier Index, which could evaluate the balance capacity objectively and quantitatively. @*Results@#The mean angle of the SVV in the experimental and control groups was 4.44° and 0.59°, respectively. In the result of the Fourier series, the F1 frequency band in the experimental group showed a significantly higher value under one condition compared to the control group (p<0.05). In the F2-4 and F5-6 frequency bands, the experimental group showed a significant increase in the Fourier series value under the four conditions compared to the control group (p<0.05). In the F7-8 frequency band, significantly higher values of the Fourier series were observed in the experimental group under the three different conditions (p<0.05). @*Conclusion@#These results showed increased trunk sway while maintaining static balance in the experimental group who showed a larger SVV angle compared to the control group. The SVV can be applied to evaluate the vestibular system and balance ability in normal adults.

A Comparison Study of Cervical Flexion-Relaxation Ratio in the Normal and Forward Head Postures

Purpose@#This study aimed to examine the effects of forward head posture on the flexion-relaxation ratio (FRR) and muscle activity during sustained neck flexion and to investigate the correlation between craniovertebral angle and FRR. @*Methods@#Nineteen subjects participated in this study and were allocated to a forward head posture (FHP) group or a non-forward head posture (NFHP) group. Craniovertebral angle (CVA) and FRR were measured in all subjects, and all participants performed a standardized cervical flexion-extension movement in two phases: Phase I, sustained cervical full flexion for 5s; and Phase II, cervical extension with the return to the starting position for 5s. The value of CVA has calculated three times, and the value of FRR was measured three times in order to obtain the mean value. @*Results@#FRR values in the FHP and NFHP group were significantly different (p0.05). There was a significant correlation between the muscle activity of Phase I and CVA (p0.05). @*Conclusion@#FHP increases the muscle activity of the cervical erector spinae during sustained neck flexion and reduces FRR, which can cause fatigue in the cervical erector spinae. In addition, for those with a smaller CVA, muscle activity of the cervical erector spinae is increased during sustained neck flexion, which can increase neck muscle tension.

Injury of Corticostriatal Tract between the Striatum and the Premotor Area in a Patient with Traumatic Brain Injury

Objectives@#We investigated injury of corticostriatal (CStr) tract in patient with mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), which was demonstrated by DTT.Method: A 44-year-old female with no previous history of neurological, physical, or psychiatric illness had suffered from head trauma resulting from a pedestrian car accident. She complained that could not quickly move the left hand with her intension. After three month’s administration, her slowness movement of left hand recovered rapidly to the point that she was able to extend all fingers quickly. @*Results@#On DTT configuration, the integrity of the left CStr tract was well-preserved, however the right CStr tract showed narrowing and partial tearing in the subcortical white matter on a DTT at 25 months after onset. @*Conclusion@#Injury of the right CStr tract was demonstrated in a patient who developed mild motor control problems following mild TBI. We believe that the evaluation of the CStr tract from the secondary motor area for patients who showed unexplained motor control problem is necessary.

The Effects of Horse-riding Simulator Training with Dual-task on Pulmonary Function and Flexibility in Healthy Adults

Purpose@#The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effects of a simultaneous dual-task and horse-riding simulator (HRS) training regime on pulmonary function and flexibility. @*Methods@#Sixteen subjects were recruited and randomly allocated to two groups: a dual-task (DT) (n=8) or a single-task (ST) (n=8) training group. Flexibility and pulmonary function were assessed before and after HRS training. Both groups underwent HRS training for 4 weeks, 3 times/week in 15-minute training sessions. The ST group underwent HRS training and the DT group underwent dual-task HRS training, which consisted of throwing and catching a ball and ring catching while HRS training. @*Results@#Training significantly increased flexibility and FVC (forced vital capacity) and FEV1 (forced expiratory volume in 1 second) in both groups (p0.05). After the training, flexibility and FVC in the DT group were significantly greater than in the ST group (p0.05). @*Conclusion@#Simultaneous dual-task and HRS motor training improved flexibility, FVC, and FEV1, and our comparative analysis suggests that dual-task HRS training improved flexibility and FVC more than single-task training.

The effect of lactic acid concentration and ph of lactic acid buffer solutions on enamel remineralization / 대한치과보존학회지

There are considerable in vitro and in vivo evidences for remineralization and demineralization occurring simultaneously in incipient enamel caries. In order to "heal"the incipient dental caries, many experiments have been carried out to determine the optimal conditions for remineralization. It was shown that remineralization is affected by different pH, lactic acid concentrations, chemical composition of the enamel, fluoride concentrations, etc. Eighty specimens from sound permanent teeth without demineralization or cracks, 0.15 mm in thickness, were immersed in lactic acid buffered demineralization solutions for 3 days. Dental caries with a surface zone and subsurface lesion were artificially produced. Groups of 10 specimens were immersed for 10 or 12 days in lactic acid buffered remineralization solutions consisting of pH 4.3 or pH 6.0, and 100, 50, 25, or 10 mM lactic acid. After demineralization and remineralization, images were taken by polarizing microscopy (x100) and micro-computed tomography. The results were obtained by observing images of the specimens and the density of the caries lesions was determined. 1. As the lactic acid concentration of the remineralization solutions with pH 4.3 was higher, the surface zone of the carious enamel increased and an isotropic zone of the subsurface lesion was found. However, the total decalcification depth increased at the same time. 2. In the remineralization solutions with pH 6.0, only the surface zone increased slightly but there was no significant change in the total decalcification depth and subsurface zone. In the lactic acid buffer solutions with the lower pH and higher lactic acid concentration, there were dynamic changes at the deep area of the dental carious lesion.