Horizontal Extraocular Muscle and Scleral Anatomy in Children: A Swept-Source Anterior Segment Optical Coherence Tomography Study

PURPOSE: To evaluate the efficacy of anterior segment swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) for examining horizontal extraocular muscle thickness, distance from the corneal limbus to the insertion of the horizontal extraocular muscle (limbus to insertion distance), and scleral thickness in Korean pediatric strabismus patients. METHODS: This study included pediatric strabismus patients between 5 and 10 years of age. Children with any ocular disease other than strabismus or a history of ocular surgery were excluded. SS-OCT was used to measure horizontal extraocular muscle thickness, limbus to insertion distance, and scleral thickness. Eyes were classified into subgroups by sex, spherical equivalent of the refractive error (measured with cycloplegic refraction), and fixating/deviating eye. RESULTS: One patient initially included in this study was excluded due to poor cooperation. Of the remaining 35 eyes of 20 patients, 19 eyes (54.3%) were from male patients and 16 eyes (45.7%) were from female patients. The mean patient age was 7.86 ± 1.38 years. Lateral scleral thickness was greater in male eyes than in female eyes (p = 0.048). No other differences were noted between male and female children. Additionally, there were no statistically significant differences between fixating and deviating eyes or among spherical equivalent groups for any parameter examined. CONCLUSIONS: Anterior segment SS-OCT can successfully and comfortably measure horizontal extraocular muscle and scleral anatomy in children. These measurements may be helpful for treatment and follow-up of pediatric strabismus patients.

Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma in a Patient with Pseudoxanthoma Elasticum

No abstract available.

Analysis of Fluorescein Angiography and Optical Coherence Tomography in Acute Cerebral Infarction Patients

PURPOSE: To evaluate ocular findings of patients with acute cerebral infarction by analyzing fluorescein angiography (FAG) and optical coherence tomography (OCT). METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with acute cerebral infarction. FAG was used to analyze arm to retina time and arteriovenous (AV) transit time. The peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) was analyzed using OCT, and the data were compared with those of patients diagnosed with idiopathic epiretinal membrane (control group). RESULTS: Seventy-three patients were included in the patient group, and 56 participants were in the control group. In 27% of the subjects in the patient group, retinal abnormality was incidentally identified. Atrial fibrillation (p < 0.050) was the only systemic disease with a significantly higher incidence in the patient group. AV transit time (p < 0.050) showed a significant delay in the patient group, but there was no significant difference in the arm to retina time. pRNFL thickness did not significantly differ between the ipsilateral and contralateral locations of brain lesion. In addition, there was no significant difference in the subgroup analysis according to cerebral ischemic territory and no correlation between the severity of symptoms and the findings of ophthalmologic examination. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with acute cerebral infarction show delayed AV transit time in FAG, and about 27% of them have unrecognized retinal abnormalities.

A Case of Therapeutic Keratoplasty Using Cryo-preservative Cornea in Candida albicans Keratitis

PURPOSE: To report a case treated with therapeutic keratoplasty using a cryo-preserved cornea in a patient with Candida albicans keratitis. CASE SUMMARY: A 77-year-old female visited our clinic because of left ocular pain and visual disturbance for 3 days. Microscopic slit lamp examination revealed a 1.2 mm sized round corneal epithelial defect with deep stromal infiltration, brownish pigmentation and signs of inflammation with cyclitic membranes in the anterior chamber. On suspicion of Candida keratitis, we performed penetrating keratoplasty using a cryo-preserved donor cornea in Optisol-GS® (Bausch & Lomb, Irvine, CA, USA) solution with excision of the infected iris and colony of the anterior chamber. After the procedure, injection of intravitreal or intracameral amphotericin B and voriconazole were administered alternately. At 2 weeks after the second surgery, infection signs disappeared. At the follow-up in the outpatient clinic, signs of infection were not observed. CONCLUSIONS: Therapeutic keratoplasty using a cryo-preserved donor cornea can be an immediate and effective therapeutic strategy for Candida albicans keratitis.

Relation between Ocular Biometry and Anthropometric Parameters in Adult Koreans with Cataracts

PURPOSE: To evaluate the relation between ocular biometry and anthropometric parameters in Korean adults with cataracts METHODS: The preoperative medical data of 150 eyes (150 patients) who underwent cataract surgery from November 2015 to March 2016. Anthropometric parameters include height, weight and body mass index (BMI). Ocular biometry includes axial length, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature, lens thickness and central corneal thickness. The relation between ocular biometry and anthropometric parameters was evaluated using linear regression analysis. RESULTS: The mean age was 67.44 ± 10.83 years. The mean height, weight and BMI were 157.24 ± 9.16 cm, 60.50 ± 10.18 kg and 24.47 ± 3.59 kg/m2. The mean axial length, anterior chamber depth, corneal curvature, lens thickness and central corneal thickness were 23.51 ± 0.80 mm, 3.23 ± 0.42 mm, 44.49 ± 1.33 diopter, 4.44 ± 0.42 mm and 534.64 ± 31.90 µm. The height showed a significant positive relationship with axial length and anterior chamber depth and a significant negative relationship with average corneal curvature. However, there was no significant relationship with the central corneal thickness or lens thickness. The weight showed significant positive relationship with axial length. BMI was not related to any anthropometric parameters. Age showed a significant positive relationship with average corneal curvature and lens thickness and a negative relationship with height and anterior chamber depth. CONCLUSIONS: As height increases, the axial length and the anterior chamber depth increase and the corneal curvature become flatter. As age increases, the anterior chamber depth becomes shallower, the corneal curvature becomes steeper and the lens thickness increases.