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Every woman who became pregnant has to undergo the process of delivery. In normal process of delivery the baby is delivered per vagina, an episiotomy is performed by health care provider or midwife. Episiotomy is a surgically planned incision on the perineum and the posterior vaginal wall during the second stage of labour to enlarge the vaginal introits so as to facilitate easy and safe delivery of the fetus. Episiotomy may be advice in the situations such as inelastic perineum, fetal distress, and complicated birth, prolonged second stage of labor, instrumental vaginal delivery and previous perineal surgeries .There are four types of episiotomy: midline, mediolateral, lateral and J shaped. Care of episiotomy involves perineal care, sitz bath, infrared heat, perineal exercises, antiseptic ointments, cold and hot packs The REEDA scale is used for assessing the perineal healing. Complications of episiotomy include perineal discomfort, perineal pain, difficulty with breast feeding and walking, perineal bleeding, infection, wound dehiscence and dyspareunia
RESUMO
Background: India was the first country in the world to start the National Family Welfare Program in 1951. But population stabilization has been a difficult target to achieve and by the year 2028, our population is expected to surpass that of China. This study was conducted among puerperal women delivered at our hospital to know their awareness about various methods of contraception and willingness to practice any of these methods.Methods: This cross-sectional interview-based study was conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynecology at Bhaskar Medical College and Hospital, Moinabad, Hyderabad from September 2015 to August 2016. The study sample were women who delivered in our hospital and a set questionnaire was used.Results: A total of 502 women in the post-partum period were included in the study.88.85% women were aware of any modern contraceptive. 30.85% of these women were aware of only the surgical method, i.e. sterilization; and another 58% women were aware of temporary methods also. Most of them knew about multiple methods, but tubectomy was the main method was known to the maximum (78%). As the literacy levels rose, awareness about temporary methods and male sterilization also increased. 70% of the study population were not aware of free availability of all these methods at Government hospitals and at our hospital.80.5% of these women were motivated after this study to accept a contraceptive method.Conclusions: There is a great unmet demand for contraception among rural women in India. Proper dissemination of the information about free availability of these methods by rural health workers, hospital staff and making these accessible in the peripheral areas of the country will help these couples. Providing oral, written and visual information to all the pregnant women at each ante-natal visit will be additional methods.
RESUMO
Background: The brachial artery, a continuation of the axillary artery, begins at the distal (inferior) border of thetendon of teres major and ends distal to the elbow joint (at the level of the neck of the radius) by dividing intoradial and ulnar arteries. The brachial artery is wholly superficial, covered anteriorly only by skin and superficialand deep fascia. In the present study we aimed to describe the high origin of brachial artery and its branchingvariations.Materials and methods: The present study was conducted in 40 formalin fixed upper limbs selected by convenientsampling irrespective of age and sex over a period of 6 months. The brachial artery was exposed and the lengthof the brachial artery and the distance of the profunda brachii artery from the lower border of teres major weremeasured using a thread and a measuring tape. Variations of brachial artery and its branches were noted.Results: In the present study, arterial variations can be classified as high division of brachial artery in five limbs,which is 12.5% of the 40 limbs dissected. Origin of profundabrachii artery is quite variable in 15% (6 limbs) ofcases.Conclusion: Variations of Brachial artery and its branches are common both in respect of formation andtermination.Knowledge of the vascular variations will increase the success of the surgical and radiologicalprocedures