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Introduction: Venous obstructive disease of the retina iscausing significant visual morbidity affecting quality of lifeof patient. Incidence of CRVO is 0.8 per 1000 persons and 4.4per 1000 persons for BRVO. RVO most commonly affects thevenous blood supply of entire retina [CRVO] or a quadrantdrained by one of the branches [BRVO] less commonlysuperior or inferior half of retina alone is affected [HRVO].Study Aimed to study demographic characteristics and riskfactors of Retinal Vein Occlusions (Both CRVO and BRVO)Material and methods: This is a cross sectional observationstudy. It included 208 patients [64 CRVO patients and 144BRVO patients]at Retina department, Sarojini Devi EyeHospital, Hyderabad. Study was conducted for 1 year and 7months.Results: Hypertension stands alone as the most significantrisk factor (P Value is 0.005). Other factors studied likeUrban Background, Lack of physical Activity, Diabetes,Hyperlipidemias, CVA, CAD etc. though were present in goodnumbers in the cases studied but they were not statisticallysignificant.Conclusion: Hypertension, Diabetes and Raised SerumLipids are significant risk factors for Retinal Vein Occlusionsin South Indian population
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Termination of a pregnancy in second and third trimesters involving a dead foetus or one with a lethal anomaly is a challenge for health-care professionals in any setting. In addition to the theoretical concern of the dead foetus inutero causing disseminated intravascular coagulation, continuation of such a pregnancy may not be psychologically and socially acceptable to many women, and both the woman and the caretaker are keen to terminate the pregnancy, preferably without an incision on the uterus. Mid-trimester termination of pregnancy is one of the most controversial areas of gynaecological practice. It has moral, emotional, social and technical issues. There is continuous need for termination of pregnancy in second trimester, more recently due to increase in the use of antenatal diagnostic procedures. Nowadays, majority of mid-trimester abortions are carried out medically. The development of prostaglandin analogues has been a major breakthrough in abortion technology. Natural prostaglandins such as PGE1, PGF2a, PGE2, PG analogues like 15-methyl PGF2a have been used by various routes such as intravenous, intramuscular, intra/extra amniotic, oral and vaginal. Ethacridine lactate works by producing prostaglandin from deciduas, whereas misoprostol being synthetic analogue of misoprostol is supposed to act directly. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and safety of the extra-amniotic instillation of ethacridine with vaginal misoprostol in comparison to extra-amniotic instillation of ethacridine lactate with oxytocin IV infusion in terminations of second and third trimester pregnanciesin a tertiary referral hospital catering for both rural and urban population. This study concludes that ethacridine lactate with misoprostol is as efficacious as ethacridineplus oxytocinin termination of second and third trimesters anamolus/IUD foetuses. Though there is no significant difference in efficacy between the two. The ethacridineplus misoprostol is slightly effective in reducing the I-A interval. The efficacy of ethacridine plus misoprostol is slightly higher in early second trimester and ethacridine plus oxytocin is effective in the third trimester.
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Introduction: A dynamic homeostasis is maintained between the host and native bacteria of the gastrointestinal tract in humans, but migration of bacteria from the gut to other organs can lead to disease or death. Enterococci, traditionally viewed as commensal bacteria are now acknowledged to be organisms capable of causing life-threatening infections in humans, especially in the nosocomial environment. The existence of Enterococci in such a dual role is facilitated by its intrinsic and acquired resistance to virtually all antibiotics currently in use. Objective: The present pilot study was taken up to compare the multidrug resistance prevalence in commensal Enterococci and pathogenic Enterococci. Material and methods: A total of 50 commensal Enterococci isolated from stool samples and 50 clinical samples yielding Enterococci were taken for the study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was done using Kirby Bauer’s disk diffusion method. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Vancomycin was tested by using E- strip. Results: Among 50 commensal Enterococci, majority showed resistance to Ampicillin 50 (100%), Erythromycin 38 (76%), Clindamycin 30 (60%), higher level of resistance to high level Gentamycin 14 (28%), Linezolid 6 (12%), vancomycin 3 (6%). 23 (46%) isolates showed multi drug resistance (resistance to ≥ 3 categories of antibiotics). Among 50 clinical isolates, majority showed resistance to Ampicillin 50 (100%), Erythromycin 38 (76%), Clindamycin 30 (60%), higher level of resistance to high level Gentamycin 14 (28%), Linezolid 6 (12%), vancomycin 3 (6%). 23 (46%) isolates showed multi drug resistance (resistance to ≥ 3 categories of antibiotics). Among 50 clinical isolates, majority showed resistance to Ampicillin 50 (100%), Clindamycin 46 (92%), Tetracycline 46 (92%), Erythromycin 41 (82%), Linezolid resistance was seen in 8 (16%) and Vancomycin resistance in 5(10%) clinical isolate. 48(96%) showed multi drug resistance. Conclusion: Boundary line between pathogenic and commensal Enterococci is blurred due to exchange of resistant traits. Regular screening of enterococcal isolates for resistance detection should be implemented. It is very important to consider infection control measures, screening of health care workers, surveillance cultures which can control spread of multidrug resistant Enterococci.