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Background: It is of paramount importance that patients be educated of their clinical conditions and the available treatment options. Audio-visual aids can be used as a beneficial modality to help the clinicians in the educational task by presenting the necessary information to the patient in a simpler manner. Methods: A randomized controlled trial was done to assess the retention of knowledge amongst periodontitis patients after receiving oral health education using audio-visual aids. The effect of audio-visual aids was compared to standard education in the form of verbal narration for periodontal patient education. A total of 60 consented periodontitis patients were recruited for the study and randomly allocated to audio-visual group or control group according to computer generated randomization. All patients received a pre-test questionnaire to assess their baseline knowledge regarding oral health and treatment modalities. A post-test questionnaire was taken immediately after receiving the two sets of education to assess the retention level of knowledge. The questionnaire contained 15 multiple-choice questions. Results: There was no significant difference in baseline knowledge between the two groups (p value=0.317). Patients receiving the audio-visual aids had significantly higher scores for the post-test (mean±SD=7.56±2.31) when compared with patients receiving standard education (mean±SD=5.73±2.94; p value=0.01*). Conclusions: Retention of knowledge is significantly higher in the audio-visual group when compared to the control group. Audio-visual aids can be an effective medium for patient education in day-to-day dental practice.
RESUMO
Background: The debate of “is it worth spending the busy pathologist’s time on gall bladder specimens” has been there for decades. The selective approach may result in missing discrete pathologies such as premalignant lesions. We are presenting an interesting series of gall bladder histopathology diagnosed at our institute in the past two years. Methods: This is a retrospective study done at Bhaskar Medical College between 2020-2022 (specifically chosen as this is the period of COVID pandemic). This study included 43 patients who underwent cholecystectomy. All confirmed cases of acute abdomen operated for other reasons and trauma were excluded. Sections were taken from neck, fundus, body and cross section of cystic duct of each cholecystectomy specimen. The whole gallbladder was submitted and screened for the invasion in ICPN case. These sections were processed through routine paraffin embedding, microtome cutting and H&E staining for evaluation of spectrum of various gallbladder lesions. Results: In our study, 25 cases showed lymphoplasmacytic infiltration with fibrosis, 9 cases showed ulceration, congested blood vessels and neutrophilic infiltration. We encountered few rare cases like eosinophilic cholecystitis, xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis, and Intracholecystic papillary neoplasm (ICPN)”. Pyloric metaplasia was seen in 27.9% cases, which is also higher Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the need for the routine examination of these specimens, to have a detailed understanding of the etiology to prevent/predict the other associated medical conditions. We also could find 2% of the cases having pre-malignant lesions and 28% having metaplasia, which if missed shall progress to malignant conditions.
RESUMO
A rapid, simple, selective, precise, and accurate stability indicating HPLC method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous analysis of esomeprazole and itopride in bulk and in capsule form. An isocratic separation was achieved using a Hypersil C4 (250 x 4.6 mm), 5 μm particle size column with a flow rate of 1 mL/min and photodiode array detector at 272 nm. The mobile phase consisted of 0.1M dipotassium hydrogen phosphate: acetonitrile (40:60 v/v). The method was validated for selectivity, specificity, linearity, precision, accuracy and robustness. The selectivity of the method was determined by assessing interference from the placebo, components of mobile phase and common excipients in pharmaceutical formulations. Whereas, specificity was established by stress degradation studies. The method was linear over the concentration range 40–120 μg/mL (R2 = 0.9999) and 150-450 μg/mL (R2 = 0.9999) for esomeprazole and itopride, respectively. Limit of detection is 0.207 and 0.724 μg/mL & Limit of quantitation is 0.691 and 2.415 μg/mL for esomeprazole and itopride, respectively. The precision and accuracy of the method was found to be acceptable. The method was found to be robust and suitable for the simultaneous analysis of esomeprazole and itopride in a capsule formulation. Degradation products resulting from the stress studies did not interfere with the detection and quantification of esomeprazole and itopride. The proposed HPLC method is thus stability-indicating.