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BACKGROUND Despite abundant literature, a clear and coherent understanding of hearing loss (HL) in India is limited by the wide disparity in studies. METHODS We did a review of published peer-reviewed journal articles. Studies reporting the prevalence and degree of HL in India from 1980 to 2020 were included. Information was gathered on the population characteristics, methodology applied and the prevalence of hearing impairment. The data were analysed to identify trends and at-risk sections of population in various categories. RESULTS Four hundred and forty studies were identified after a database search; 29 full-length articles were selected for final analysis. Using a 3-step screening protocol, hearing impairment (abnormal auditory brainstem response/auditory steady state response) in neonates ranged between 1.59 and 8.8 per 1000 births. Among ‘at risk’ neonates, it ranged from 7 to 49.18 per 1000 births. In children the prevalence of HL was 6.6% to 16.47%. Otitis media was the most common cause of HL in children. Community-based studies (all ages) reported prevalence of HL between 6% and 26.9% and prevalence of disabling HL between 4.5% and 18.3%. Rural areas and elderly showed a higher prevalence of hearing impairment. CONCLUSION Despite India’s improving health indices, hearing disability remains persistently high. It is a major contributor to the loss of personal potential and a financial strain for the individual and the country. A large-scale multicentric study to identify the degree and type of HL, social awareness campaigns, widespread neonatal screening, strengthening treatment facilities and well-funded rehabilitation programmes can counter the rising prevalence of hearing impairment.
RESUMO
Background: Childhood obesity is emerging as one of the serious public health problems. It has become one of the significant risk factors associated with a cluster of non-communicable diseases which causes an enormous socioeconomic and public health burden. Therefore, the objective of this study was to assess the body fat % and prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescent in Manipur and to identify factors which may contribute to overweight.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 12,410 students studying in class VIII-XII in four districts of Manipur from 2007-2009. A self-administered questionnaire method was used. BMI and Body composition were determined using the TANITA Body Composition Analyzer. Overweight/ obesity were classified by using WHO classification. Analysis done using SPSSv20 and mean (SD), percentages and Chi-square test were used. A p-value <0.05 was considered as statistically significant.Results: The overall mean fat % was 19.4±6.1 and girls have higher fat% than boys. Overall prevalence of overweight and obesity were 6.4% and 1.2% respectively. Obesity prevalence was more among girls than boys (1.6% vs 1.0%). Statistically significant association was found between obesity with family history of overweight, private schooling, playing games, mode of transport to school, sleeping hours, being vegetarian and watching television.Conclusions: Though the prevalence of overweight and obesity as compared to other parts of India is low, the increasing trend is a definite cause of concern. Therefore, there is a need for primary prevention targeted among children and adolescents regarding adoption of healthy life styles.
RESUMO
Background: Osteoporosis has become a major public health problem and is increasingly being recognized as an important cause of morbidity and mortality among women. Data on prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia among women varies in different age groups and states across India. Objective: To determine the prevalence of osteoporosis and osteopenia among females in Manipur. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 2700 pre and postmenopausal women with intact ovaries in the age range of 21 to 70 years in three districts of Manipur namely Imphal West, Thoubal and Churachandpur districts. Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured by using Lunar Prodigy DXA, GE Healthcare Company, USA. Descriptive statistics like mean(SD), percentage were used. Anova and post-hoc tests were used to determine significance of the findings. A p-value of <0.05 was considered as statistically significant. Results: Prevalence of osteoporosis was 23.7%, 21.1%, 19% for Imphal, Thoubal and Churachandpur districts respectively. However, high prevalence of low BMD among the study population were noted; 61.9% for Imphal, 58.2% for Thoubal and 57.9% for the Churachandpur district. Statistically significant association was found between age groups 25-39 and 40-59 years with three districts and osteoporosis; age groups and osteoporosis when all districts are combined. Conclusion: Overall prevalence rate of osteoporosis and osteopenia was 21.3% and 36.6% respectively. Among the districts, it was highest in Imphal followed by Thoubal and Churachanpur districts, representing urban, rural and hill region.