Effects of habitual exercise and diet restriction on the hepatic fat accumulation in Zucker fatty rats / 体力科学

We investigated the effects of habitual exercise and diet restriction on the hepatic fat accumulation in Zucker fatty rats. Male 6-week-old Zucker fatty rats were divided into obese (Ob), diet restriction (DR), and diet restriction + exercise (DR + Ex) groups. Male Zucker lean rats (L) were used as a control group. The rats in the L and Ob groups were maintained on ad libitum diets. The rats in the DR and DR + Ex groups were fed a 30% restricted diet. The rats in the DR + Ex group exercised voluntarily on a wheel ergometer. After 6 weeks of intervention, the serum free fatty acid and leptin levels in the Ob group were significantly higher than those in the L group. In the Ob group, the hepatic triglyceride content was higher than that in the L group and hepatocyte fat infiltration was observed on haematoxylin and eosin staining. These changes were suppressed by DR + Ex, but not by the DR intervention. These results suggest that habitual exercise inhibits fat accumulation in the liver of Zucker fatty rats.

EFFECT OF ENDURANCE TRAINING ON PANCREATIC EXOCRINE RESPONSE TO CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) IN RATS / 体力科学

In the previous studies, we found that endurance training increased pancreatic weight, protein content, and enzyme activity with hypertrophied acinar cells in rats. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance training on pancreatic exocrine response to CCK in rats. Female F344 rats were divided into control (C, n=6) and endurance training (T, n=6) groups. The trained rats were exercised for 60 min on a treadmill (final speed, 35 m/min), 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. Food intake in both groups was matched. On the final day of the experiment, the rats were anesthetized after an overnight fast and prepared with cannulae into the pancreatic duct. After 1-h basal collection with 0.9% NaCl (7.5 ml/kg body weight/h) injected intravenously, CCK-8 (0.06μg/kg body weight/h) was injected intravenously and pancreatic secretions were collected for the additional three 1-h periods. Final body weight in the T group was slightly, but not significantly, lower than in the C group (C : 145±6, T : 137±8 g). Pancreatic wet weight in the T group was significantly higher than in the C group (C : 4.14±0.16, T : 4.71±0.18 mg/g BW). CCK-stimulated pancreatic juice secretion was not significantly changed. There were significant increases in pancreatic protein and amylase secretions with CCK administration. CCK-stimulated pancreatic protein and amylase secretions were significant higher in the T group than in the C group. Total pancreatic protein secretion with CCK administration during 3 hours were significant higher in the T group than in the C group (C : 2.52±1.92, T : 5.11±1.50 mg/3 h). Total amylase secretion with CCK administration during 3 hours were also significant higher in the T group than in the C group (C : 0.69±0.43, T : 1.12±0.37 U/3 h). These results suggest that the endurance training increased pancreatic exocrine secretion response to CCK. CCK may play an important role in exercise-induced enhancement of the exocrine pancreas.

EXERCISE DOES NOT INCREASE n-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS (PUFA)-INDUCED OXIDATIVE STRESS / 体力科学

The objective of this study was to examine whether the combination of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids PUFA) supplementation and physical exercise training would decrease oxidative stress in comparison with n-3 PUFA supplementation only in humans. Eighteen women college students were divided into a perilla oil supplemented control group or a perilla oil supplemented physical exercise trained group throughout the experimental period of 4 weeks. After the intervention in both groups, plasma triglyceride levels were decreased. Serum thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) level in the control group was increased by n-3 PUFA supplementation. In the trained group, however, TBARS level was unchanged. Plasma vitamin C level in the trained group was significantly decreased by n-3 PUFA supplementation. These results suggest that the combination of n-3 PUFA supplementation and physical exercise training might result in attenuated tissue damage induced by reactive oxygen species, if appropriate daily antioxidants, especially vitamin C, were provided.

NUTRITIONAL STATUS OF JAPANESE MALE COLLEGIATE ATHLETES / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to assess the status of nutrients intake in male Japanese collegiate athletes. Each 20 of baseball (B), soccer (S), volley ball (V), and long distance (L) athletes participated in this study. The B, S, and V athletes lived by themselves, whereas the L athletes lived in an athletes dormitory with provided meal. The nutritional status was assessed for 2 days. Mean energy intakes in the B, S, V, and L groups were 43.6, 53.7, 47.0, and 55.0 kcal/kg body weight, respectively. Mean protein intakes were 1.2, 1.6, 1.3 and 2.4 g/kg, respectively. In B athletes, skipping of breakfast was recognized frequently. Most of micronutrients intakes in the B, S, and V groups were less than the recommended dietary allowances for athletes. We suggest that a provided meal system is a better system for collegiate athletes and more nutritional education is necessary for Japanese male collegiate athletes, in particular, those living by themselves.

EFFECT OF N-3 POLYUNSATURATED FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENTATION ON AEROBIC CAPACITY IN YOUNG WOMEN / 体力科学

N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation has been recognized to affect the peripheral oxygen delivery system with increasing blood rheology. The purpose of the present study was to investigate whether n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation, using purified perilla oil rich in α-linoleic acid, improves aerobic capacity in young women. Eighteen young, sedentary female college students were divided into an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplemented control group (PUFA-C, n=10) and an n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplemented trained group (PUFA-T, n=8). All subjects took 20g of perilla oil (11g of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid) in addition to the usual diet throughout the experimental period of 4 weeks. PUFA-T subjects exercised for 30 min on a bicycle ergometer (intensity, 60% of VO₂max) 4 times a week for 4 weeks. Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) and oxygen uptake at the ventilatory anaerobic threshold level (VT) significantly (p<0.05) increased after treatment in both groups. However, the endurance time in the exhaustive exercise test significantly (p<0.05) increased in the PUFA-T group only. Increasing rates of VO₂max and VT with treatment for the PUFA-C group were lower than those for the PUFA-T group (VO₂max, 12.6% vs 14.4%, VT, 9.7% vs 16.9%). After treatment, these values returned to baseline levels within 2 months of the recovery period without n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in both groups. Only for the PUFA-T group, VO₂max and VT at 2 months after the treatment period were significantly (p<0.05) higher compared with baseline levels. These results suggest that n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation might have a beneficial effect on improving aerobic capacity with increasing peripheral oxygen delivery. However, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation was less effective than aerobic training.

Effects of voluntary training on pancreatic enzyme activity and acinar cells in rats / 体力科学

The authors have found that compulsory training using treadmill running increases pancreatic weight, protein content, and enzyme activity in hypertrophied acinar cells in rats. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of voluntary running exerise on the exocrine pancreas in rats. Female F344 rats were divided into control, compulsory training, and voluntary training groups. The compulsory trained rats were exercised for 60 min on a treadmill (final speed, 35 m/min), 5 days a week, for 8 weeks. The voluntary trained rats were exercised on a voluntary basis on a wheel ergometer with a load of 30% of their body weight every day. Mean running distance for the voluntary training group was 5.2±1.0 km/day. Final body weight for the compulsory and voluntary training groups was significantly lower than for the control group. Soleus muscle weight and citrate synthase activity of the plantaris muscle for the compulsory and voluntary training groups were significantly higher than for the control group. Pancreatic wet weight, protein content, and amylase and lipase activities for the compulsory and voluntary training groups were significantly higher than for the control group. Pancreatic wet weight, protein content, and amylase and lipase activities for the compulsory and voluntary training groups were significantly higher than for the control group. Total DNA content of whole pancreas in the voluntary training group was significantly higher than for the control and compulsory training groups. Electron micrographs revealed that acinar cells obviously hypertrophied and zymogen granules increased in the compulsory and voluntary training groups rats compared with the compulsory group. These results suggest that voluntary training increases pancreatic weight and protein content in hypertrophied and/or hyperplasic acinar cells, which in turn increases synthesis and the storage of exocrine pancreatic enzymes.

The effect of endurance training on the pancreatic enzyme activity in aged rats / 体力科学

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of endurance running training on pancreatic enzyme activity in aged rats. Young (Y ; age, 12 weeks) and old (O ; age, 100 weeks) female Fischer 344 rats were divided into control (YC ; n = 6, OC ; n = 4) and trained (YT ; n = 6, OT ; n=7) groups respectively. Rats in the YC and OC groups were kept sedentary. Rats in the YT and OT groups ran up a 15% gradient treadmill for 60 min a day (final speed, YT : 32 m ⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP>, OT 22 m⋅min<SUP>-1</SUP>), 5 days a week. After 10 weeks, the pancreas was excised and weighed. Protein content, amylase and lipase activities in pancreatic tissue were measured. Pancreatic wet weight, protein content, and enzymes (amylase and lipase) activity in the OC group were significantly lower than in the YC group. However, these parameters in the OT group were significantly higher than in the OC group. These results suggest that endurance training may restore the age-related decrease of pancreatic enzyme synthesis and storage.

A basic study for establishing a suitable exercise prescription with long distance walking. II / 体力科学

The present study was performed to investigate the effects of 120 km walking, 40 km a day for 3 successive days on the condition that taking rest and foods freely, upon physical functions for healthy male and female subjects. All measurements were enforced at postabsorptive state early in the morning for the 10 successive days including the days of walking. Blood pressure, heart rate, and body weight were measured every morning. Blood samplings enforced, too. Urine collections were enforced from first day to 7 th day. The results obtained were as follows;<BR>1) There were no changes in heart rate, blood pressure, and body weight, which were measured early in the morning, before and after 120 km walking.<BR>2) Serum GOT and GPT activities had little changes, while serum LDH, α-HBDH, and CK activities increased gradually after walking.<BR>3) Serum CK-MB activities, which indicate myocardial injury, increased after walking, on the contrary CK-MB/CK ratio decreased. It was suggested that effects of 120km walking to myocardium were rather than slight ones.<BR>4) In spite of the same sorce in which serum CK-MB and LDH-1 were resulted, both did'nt exhibit same patterns in serum.<BR>5) Serum lipids decreased gradually after walking.<BR>6) Urinary excretion of creatinine and uric acid increased after 120km walking especially.<BR>7) If it is allowed to take sufficient foods and rest, 120km walking, 40km a day for 3 successive days, would not result in such a physical stress over the following days.

EFFECTS OF TAURINE ON THE METABOLISM WITH EXERCISE (III) THREE KILOMETER RUNNING IN MIDDLE AGED MALES AND FEMALES / 体力科学

Effects of taurine on the functions of the body and metabolism with 3km running upon taking a diet, which is constituted of lowest possible amount of carbohydrate and highest possible amount of fat and protein, were investigated in 25 male and female subjects of age thirties by double blind test method. The results were as follows<BR>1) Taurine administration (T. A.) proved to inhibit the degree of increase in heart rate and increase the maximal degree of pulse pressure in response to 3 km running.<BR>2) T. A. proved to inhibit the degree of increase in serum creatine kinase isozyme MB (CK-MB) activities and CK-MB/CK ratio.<BR>3) T. A. proved to inhibit the decrease of serum total protein values immediately before running and in the following morning. Similar trends in terms of the particuler times were observed, too, in the case of the degree of decrease of serum triglycerides values.<BR>4) T. A. seemed to accelerate the utilization of saturated fatty acids especially.<BR>5) Three kilometer running seemed to increase in serum taurine concentrations from several hours after running to the morning immediately after running.

EFFECT OF TAURINE ON THE METABOLISM WITH EXERCISE (II) / 体力科学

Effects of 5 km running upon taking a low-carbohydrate, high-fat and protein diet on the body, in fourteen healthy young males and three healthy young females, all being affected by taurine inducement, were investigated by double blind test method. The results obtained were as follows ;<BR>1) As to the degree of in heart rate upon 5 km running, in males, there were no differences between taurine administration group (M-group) and placebo administration group (P-group) . But in females, recordings in P-group were much larger than those of M-group.<BR>2) As to the degree of increase in systolic blood pressure upon 5 km running, in males, no differences between both groups were observed, but in females, recordings in P-group were larger than those of M-group.<BR>3) Both serum creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB) activities did not recover to pre-exercise levels during 3 days after 5 km running in both groups of both sexes.<BR>4) In the rate of CK-MB against CK, not only P-group of females had extraordinary high levels immediately after 5 km running, but also P-group of both sexes had higher levels on 3rd and 5th day after 5 km runnning than M-group.<BR>5) In both sexes P-group was larger than M-group in the degree of increase in blood lactate and serum triglyceride levels.<BR>6) As to the changes in serum total protein levels, in males, no differences between both groups were observed, but in females, P-group had extraordinary low levels on 1st day after 5 km running and maintained low levels during 5 days recovery.<BR>7) As to the changes in both serum total fatty acids levels and the rate of unsaturated fatty acids against total fatty acids, no differences were observed between both groups of both sexes.<BR>8) As to the degree of increase in plasma noradrenalin and adrenalin levels, in males, no differences between both groups were observed, but in females, recordings in M-group were larger than those of P-group.

EFFECTS OF SIT-UPS TO EXHAUSTION ON RESPIRATORY-CIRCULATORY FUNCTIONS AND ITS SEX DIFFERENCES / 体力科学

Effects of sit-up exercise in the healthy adults to the point of exhaustion on the respiratory-circulatory functions and oxygen consumption were studied in thirtyone males and thirtysix females whose age varied between twenty and thirtyf our years old. The subjects were classified into two groups, the superior and the inferior, according to the number of sit-ups to reach the exhaustion point. Collected vallues were compared between the pre-exercise and the post-exercise records. The results were as follows ;<BR>1) No sex differences in the inferior group were found in the degree of increase in systolic pressure, heart rate and respiratory rate.<BR>2) In the superior group, no sex difference was found in the degree of increase in respiration rate, but male subjects were greater than female subjects in the degree of increase in both systolic pressure and heart rate.<BR>3) In males, when the superior subjects were compared with the inferior subjects, the former were greater than the latter in the degree of increase in both systolic pressure and heart rate, but in females no differences were found.<BR>4) In males the more the degree of increase in blood pressure, the more the degree of increase in heart rate. In contrast with males, in females there were no relation between them were observed.<BR>5) It was recognized that relative metabolic rate varied in values from 4.7-13.5 and there was a tendency among the inferior subjects to have a large relative metabolic rate.

SIGNIFICANCE OF UNINTERRUPTED MEASUREMENTS OF GRIP STRENGTH FROM THE VIEW POINTS OF EXERCISE PHYSIOLOGY / 体力科学

Uninterrupted recordings of grip strength were measured in the male and female physical education students, university sports club members, middle-aged physical laborers and clerks, and young weight-lifters. The results were as follows ;<BR>1) In the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength, recordings among the males were greater than females. But, there were no differences between the recordings in the rate of supporting at morning and at evening.<BR>2) In the university sports club members, the rate of supporting of Basketball club members were the most, Judo, the medium, Volleyball, Tennis, and others, the least.<BR>3) Among the middle-aged subjects, the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength indicate high in physical laborers and low in the clerks.<BR>4) The rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength in youngweight-lifters was smaller than in well trained weight-lifters.<BR>5) By the comparison between right and left recordings in the rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements of grip strength, certain tendencies were observed in some sports, but, not greater than differences among some sports. Certain individual, however, indicate great differences between right and left recordings.<BR>6) No significant correlations between maximum grip strength and rate of supporting of uninterrupted measurements were observed.

A BASIC STUDY FOR ESTABLISHING A SUITABLE PRESCRIPTION OF EXERCISE ON THE LONG DISTANCE WALKING / 体力科学

The present study was performed to investigate the effect of long distance walking upon physical functions for healthy male subjects. The first experiment was carried out in 1977, the second, in 1978, and the third, in 1979 in each autum season. At the first experiment, subjects began walking upon having breakfast, then ate and drank noting during first 30km, and took some foods during another 26km. Twelve hours and fifty minutes of time was spent for 56km walking including 15, 60, and 30 minutes rest periods in between. In the second experiment, subjects ate nothing after dinner of the previous evening and 35km walking took 6 hours during which some rest periods were taken for blood sampling. The third was 80km walking for two days. Subjects walked 40km in 8 hours in the first day and on the following day they walked 40km in ten hours and twenty minutes. They took foods and rest freely.<BR>From the view points of the changes in blood and urinary recordings obtained from those three experiments, the influences of long distance walking on the body indicate as follows ;<BR>1) In case of long distance walking while nothing to eat and drink, the rate of serum saturated fatty acids composition decreased and unsaturated fatty acids increased.<BR>2) In a fasting state, blood glucose gradually decreased, LDH activity increased and blood lactate, GOT and GPT activity presented no significant changes on long distance walking.<BR>3) It was shown that the longer distance to walk, the lesser tendency in blood triglyceride even though subjects take a carbohydrate rich diet while walking.<BR>4) In fasting state, less than 35km walking without foods, the stress to the body seemed not to be critical.<BR>5) More than 40km walking in a day, even though taking meals, would result a significantly severe stress for body.<BR>6) As long as usual meals are taken, 80km walking for two days continuously, 40km in each day, would not result in such a physical stress over the following days.

EFFECT OF TAURIN ON THE METABOLISM WITH EXERCISE (I) / 体力科学

Effects of 20km running uppn taking a low-carbohydrate, high-fat and protein diet on the changes in blood pressure, heart rate, body weight, skinf old thickness, blood components and urinary recordings in five healthy young men were investigated and the changes in these items which occured by taurine inducement were studied by double blind test method. The results were as follows:<BR>1) As to the degree of decrease in body weight in 20km running, the case in taurine administration (T. A.) was more than in placebo administration (P. A.) .<BR>2) As to the degree of increase in systolic pressure upon 20km running, T. A. was less than P. A. 3) The rate of creatine kinase isozyme (CK-MB) against creatine kinase (CK), which increased after 20km running in P. A., was possible to reduce by T. A.<BR>4) T. A. was less than P.A. in the rate of increase in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) on 20km running.<BR>5) In P. A., triglyceride increased after 20km running, but in T. A., it decreased.<BR>6) T. A, much influenced the rate of individual fatty acid composition on 20km running<BR>7) T. A, was more than P. A. in the secretion of adrenaline on 20km running.<BR>8) No changes were observed in other blood components and urinary kallikrein.