Orbital IgG4 Disease: Imaging Findings on 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT / 대한핵의학회잡지

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)–related diseases are a spectrum of systemic inflammatory conditions of unknown etiology, which are characterized by infiltration of tissues by IgG4 plasma cells and sclerosing inflammation (Cheuk and Chan Adv Anat Pathol 17:303-32, 2010). Although this condition was initially described in relation to autoimmune pancreatitis, now it has been reported in almost every organ system of body (Zen and Nakanuma Am J Surg Pathol 34:1812-9, 2010, Masaki et al. Ann Rheuma Dis 68:1310-5, 2009). Orbital involvement by IgG4 disease can involve extraocular muscles (EOM), lacrimal glands, conjunctiva, eyelids, infraorbital nerve, orbital fat, and nasolacrimal system (McNab and McKelvie. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 31:167-78, 2015, Katsura et al. Neuroradiology 54:873-82, 2012). The basis of using ⁶⁸Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT in IgG4 orbital disease is the known expression of somatostatin receptors in chronic inflammatory cells (Cuccurullo et al. Indian J Radiol Imaging 27:509-16, 2017) and also avidity shown previously in other IgG4-related diseases (Cheng et al. Clin Nucl Med 43:773-6, 2018).

Orbital IgG4 Disease: Imaging Findings on 68Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT / 대한핵의학회잡지

Immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4)–related diseases are a spectrum of systemic inflammatory conditions of unknown etiology, which are characterized by infiltration of tissues by IgG4 plasma cells and sclerosing inflammation (Cheuk and Chan Adv Anat Pathol 17:303-32, 2010). Although this condition was initially described in relation to autoimmune pancreatitis, now it has been reported in almost every organ system of body (Zen and Nakanuma Am J Surg Pathol 34:1812-9, 2010, Masaki et al. Ann Rheuma Dis 68:1310-5, 2009). Orbital involvement by IgG4 disease can involve extraocular muscles (EOM), lacrimal glands, conjunctiva, eyelids, infraorbital nerve, orbital fat, and nasolacrimal system (McNab and McKelvie. Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg 31:167-78, 2015, Katsura et al. Neuroradiology 54:873-82, 2012). The basis of using ⁶⁸Ga-DOTANOC PET/CT in IgG4 orbital disease is the known expression of somatostatin receptors in chronic inflammatory cells (Cuccurullo et al. Indian J Radiol Imaging 27:509-16, 2017) and also avidity shown previously in other IgG4-related diseases (Cheng et al. Clin Nucl Med 43:773-6, 2018).

Recombinant E. coli expressing Vitreoscilla haemoglobin prefers aerobic metabolism under microaerobic conditions: A proteome-level study.

Vitreoscilla haemoglobin (VHb) expression in heterologous host was shown to enhance growth and oxygen utilization capabilities under oxygen-limited conditions. The exact mechanism by which VHb enhances the oxygen utilization under oxygen-limiting conditions is still unknown. In order to understand the role of VHb in promoting oxygen utilization, changes in the total protein profile of E. coli expressing the vgb gene under its native promoter was analysed. Two-dimensional difference gel electrophoresis (2D DIGE) was employed to quantify the differentially expressed proteins under oxygen-limiting conditions. Overexpression of proteins involved in aerobic metabolic pathways and suppression of proteins involved in non-oxidative metabolic pathways shown in this study indicates that the cells expressing VHb prefer aerobic metabolic pathways even under oxygen limitation. Under these conditions, the expression levels of proteins involved in central metabolic pathways, cellular adaptation and cell division were also found to be altered. These results imply that Vitreoscilla haemoglobin expression alters aerobic metabolism specifically, in addition to altering proteins involved in other pathways, the significance of which is not clear as of now.