Child health; association between children's subjective well-being, age and socioeconomic status

Subjective well-Being [SWB] means people's feelings, emotions, inner satisfaction, happiness and their positive or negative thinking towards life events. Higher socio-economic status [SES] is associated with higher levels of SWB. The aim of the present study was to determine the level of SWB in Pakistani children. Furthermore, the impact of age and SES on SWB of children was also investigated. A random sampling technique was employed. Private and public schools of Faisalabad. Two months. Two hundred Students [100 girls and 100 boys] between the ages of 9-12 years were taken from the private and public schools of Faisalabad. The data was collected from the participants through face to face interview. A validated and reliable inventory Students' Life Satisfaction Scale [SLSS-4] was employed. The collected data was analysed by bivariate correlation and independent t test. Results show that most [81.5%] of the children has high level of SWB. Young children [9-10 years] have significantly [p =0.005] higher level of SWB than older children [11-12 years]. Furthermore, the study found a significant positive relationship [p = 0.008, r= 0.187] between SWB and SES. It is concluded that the level of SWB in Pakistani children is high and SWB varies with regard to age. SWB and SES are positively associated with each other. When programmes and policies are developed for improvement of human life satisfaction particularly for children, involvement of age and SES factors must be considered

Women reproductive health security; role of spousal communication

Around the world, the right to health and especially reproductive health right are far from a reality for many women. Reproductive health is of growing concern today. Reproductive health therefore implies that people are able to have a satisfying and safe sexual life and that they have the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when and how after to do so. Reproduction is a dual commitment but so after in much of the world, it is seen as wholly the women's responsibility. There are four major problems commonly encountered by women in family planning and contraceptive use: accessibility to family planning information and services, quality of services, gender responsibilities and spousal communication. These problems become major obstacles preventing women from regularity fertility or exercising the reproductive rights. The importance of good health and education to women's well being and that of her family and society cannot be overstated. Spousal Communication is crucial step toward increasing women's participation in improving their health rights. Therefore the study was conducted to investigate the perception of married women about the role of spousal communication in establishing reproductive health security. For this purpose 200 married women of age group 15-45 with having at least one living child were selected through multistage sampling technique from urban areas of district Faisalabad. The study explored in bi-variate analysis that those women who were educated, younger and had a high economic status had a perception that the spousal communication plays a significant role in the development of women's attitude towards their reproductive health security

Reproductive health gender roles and relations as predictors of practicing of reproductive health rights among married women and men in Punjab, Pakistan

Practicing reproductive health rights is not an individual attribute but an outcome negotiated between partners. Large differentials can place the less powerful partner at risk by reducing his or her ability to negotiate safer sexual relations. Negotiation between partners is affected by material assistance which is given by men. Hence, the present study was designed to gauge the extent of practicing the reproductive health rights among married men and women and to see the relationship between respondents' characteristics and practicing of reproductive health rights by them. A cross-sectional survey was carried out from Punjab province. Well designed interviewing schedules were constructed in the light of research objectives and the conceptual framework of the study to collect data and draw inferences. A representative sample of 700 married women and 600 men were interviewed. The SPSS/PC+ 15.0 Statistical Package for Social Sciences were used for analyzing the data. A strong and positive association between the demographic characteristics of married men and women and their attitude towards the reproductive health behavior and those women who were currently engaged in paid jobs had highly favorable and consistent attitude towards RHR-Practices. It was strongly suggested that encourage women's employment by increasing their education level and creating jobs in every department and encourage women's participation in decision making process