Search for a platelet-activating factor receptor in the Trypanosoma cruzi proteome: a potential target for Chagas disease chemotherapy

Chagas disease (CD) causes the highest burden of parasitic diseases in the Western Hemisphere and is therefore a priority for drug research and development. Platelet-activating factor (PAF) causes the CD parasite Trypanosoma cruzi to differentiate, which suggests that the parasite may express PAF receptors. Here, we explored the T. cruzi proteome for PAF receptor-like proteins. From a total of 23,000 protein sequences, we identified 29 hypothetical proteins that are predicted to have seven transmembrane domains (TMDs), which is the main characteristic of the G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), including the PAF receptor. The TMDs of these sequences were independently aligned with domains from 25 animal PAF receptors and the sequences were analysed for conserved residues. The conservation score mean values for the TMDs of the hypothetical proteins ranged from 31.7-44.1 percent, which suggests that if the putative T. cruzi PAF receptor is among the sequences identified, the TMDs are not highly conserved. These results suggest that T. cruzi contains several GPCR-like proteins and that one of these GPCRs may be a PAF receptor. Future studies may further validate the PAF receptor as a target for CD chemotherapy.

Acidentes com os medicamentos: como minimizá-los? / Medication misadventures: how to minimize them?

Esta revisão apresenta e discute os problemas relacionados aos acidentes envolvendo medicamentos, da prescrição ao uso, as etapas críticas e estratégias para minimizá-los. Os medicamentos são reconhecidos, em sua maioria, como eficazes, minimizando sofrimentos e curando pessoas, porém, quando utilizados de maneira inadequada podem representar riscos à saúde. Portanto, os serviços de saúde devem priorizar a segurança do usuário, visando à redução dos acidentes previsíveis com os medicamentos. Acidentes com medicamentos são todos os incidentes, problemas ou insucessos, previsíveis ou não, produzidos ou não por erro, conseqüência ou não de imperícia, imprudência ou negligência, que ocorrem durante o processo de utilização dos medicamentos, causem estes eventos danos, ou não, ao paciente. Podem ser classificados como "reações adversas" e "erros de medicação". Considerando que maioria dos erros de medicação ocorre no estágio de prescrição do medicamento, a adoção de sistemas de prescrição eletrônica de medicamentos, com suporte à decisão clínica, pode reduzir significativamente os eventos adversos relacionados aos medicamentos, melhorando a qualidade e a eficiência do tratamento farmacológico, com redução de custos para o sistema de saúde.

The readiness of the medicines for the prevention and combat to diseases makes the medicine therapy the main instrument of medical practice in the individuals' treatment for recovery of health. Although they are recognized as effective, minimizing suffering and curing people, they can also represent serious risks for health, especially when used in an inadequate way. Consequently, the user's safety in the process of using medicines, seeking the reduction of damages and predictable injuries, should be a priority in the health services. Considering that more than half of all of the medication mistakes happen in the apprenticeship of prescription of medicine, the adoption of mechanisms that alerts the doctor during the prescription can have a positive impact in the reduction of the total number of adverse events associated to medicines and in the expenses with the health service. The adoption of electronic systems in medicine prescription as a support to the clinical decision can significantly reduce the occurrence of adverse events related to medicines, improving the quality and efficiency of the pharmacological treatment.