RESUMO
Background: nosocomial urinary tract infection is one of the most common nosocomial infection causing an increase in mortality and high expenses for the patients. In this study we have tried to investigate the effects of various Factors including age, sex, marritial status, usage of urine catheter and the duration of it, any pervious urinary infection, smoking, urinary tract obstruction and any surgery on the urinary tract
Materials and Methods: in order to make this research more comprehensive and perspective, all the 88 ICU patients hospitalized at Tehran 501 hospital went under observatoin for a period of 4 months. A questionnaire was given to each patient, their urine samples were taken on first, third and seventh day of their acceptance. the data was then analysed using SPSS software
Results: the results shows that in our 88 patients [of which 46.6% were male and 53.4% Female with an average age of 64 years], 89.8% were married and 10.2% single, 30.7% had diabet mellitus, 79.5% used urine catheter with an average of 12 days of catheterization and 26.1% had previous urinary tract infection [p <0.05]. There was no significant relationship between urinary tract infection and the smoking [10%], obstruction of urinary system [9.1%], surgical history [4%] and the marritial status [P>0.05]. The main reason of the urinary tract infection was candida [66.7%] and the rest was E.coli [33.3%]
Conclusion: on the basis of this study we can say that urinary tract infection has a direct relationship with the usage of urine catheter and the period of its use, age, sex, diabetic, hospital staying and previous urinary tract infections
RESUMO
The investigation of past operational and disposal practices at military facilities and formerly used defense sites has dramatically increased in the past several years. The manufacture; load, assembly and pack; demilitarization; washout operations; and open burn/open detonation of ordnance and explosives has resulted in contamination of soils with munitions residues. The primary constituents are nitroaromatic and nitramine organic compounds and heavy metals. A number of sites have soil contamination remaining where waste disposal practices were discontinued 20 to 50 years ago
In conjunction with site investigations, biological treatment studies have been undertaken to evaluate the potential for full scale remediation of organic contaminants. Because the cleanup of areas contaminated by explosives is now mandated because of public health concerns, considerable effort has been invested in finding economical remediation technologies.Bioremediation is now available as an alternative cleanup remedy for explosives-contaminated soils. Bioremediation boosts the activity of naturally occurring microorganisms to degrade hazardous substances in soil or sediment into nontoxic materials. This paper reviews some of the best performed studies in the recent years and tries to introduce bioremediation as a proper alternative for the more conventional methods