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Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the discomfort levels during debonding using different three methods and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores compared. Materials and Methods: Sample comprised 50 female patients from single clinic of an average age of 24 years and 5 months. Three methods used were lift-off debonding instrument (LODI), straight cutter, and Howe plier. At the end of debonding in each quadrant, discomfort levels were assessed using visual analog scale (VAS). Remaining adhesive on enamel surface was studied with the help of ARI. Results: Pain scores were significantly higher for SC method. LODI group showed least discomfort. ARI showed significantly different results with three methods used. Conclusion: Patients showed least discomfort when LODI method was used.
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To know the prevalence of misconceptions and cultural beliefs related to oral health among the patients visiting the out-patient department (OPD) at Era Lucknow Medical College, Lucknow. In this crosssectional study 500 volunteering subjects, who belonged to the age group of 18 yrs and above, were selected randomly. They were provided with a self administered structured questionnaire which included twenty two dichotomous questions which were already pretested through a pilot study. The study reveals that there is still actual presence of various myths and misconceptions among our population. Such beliefs and practices were seen more common in people with poor educational background and low socioeconomic status. The data collected in our study also reveals that various misconceptions has been successfully eradicated through education and various health awareness programmes, thus emphasizes the role of our health providers in spreading awareness and knowledge among the local population. Overall the study reveals the presence of various false beliefs and myths in our population, but along with this the study also highlights the importance and success of various health awareness programmes and educational modules in eradicating these misconceptions.
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Background & objectives: The epidemiology of dengue fever (DF) is complex in the Indian subcontinent as all the four serotypes are circulating. This study reports observations on dengue cases from a virus diagnostic laboratory of a north Indian tertiary care hospital catering to areas in and around Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh. Methods: Serum samples were obtained from suspected cases of dengue referred to the virus diagnostic laboratory during 2011 to 2013, and detailed history was taken on a pre-structured datasheet. All samples were tested for anti-dengue virus (DV) IgM antibodies and DV-non structural protein 1 antigen (NS1Ag) by ELISA. NS1Ag positive samples were tested further by conventional RT-PCR for DV-RNA detection and serotyping. Results: Of the 4019 suspected patients of dengue, 886 (22%) showed laboratory evidence of dengue virus infection. Of these, 19, 17 and 27 per cent were positive in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Children and adults were similarly affected by dengue in all the three years. Males were more commonly affected than females. The predominant DV serotype detected was DV-2, DV-1 and DV-3 in 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. DV-4 serotype was not detected. About half the cases positive for DV infection, showed symptoms of dengue with warning signs/ severe dengue. A distinct seasonality with increase in number of dengue cases in the post monsoon period was seen. Interpretation & conclusions: Change in circulating serotype of dengue virus; a distinct adult dengue involvement; and a remarkable number of cases presenting with severe dengue manifestations are the main findings of this study.
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Non structural protein 4 (NSP4) gene of Rotavirus encodes a multifunctional protein which has significant role in viral multiplication and pathogenesis of acute watery diarrhoea associated with rotaviral gastroenteritis. It is known as the first viral enterotoxin and mutations of the gene have been linked to altered pathogenesis. This study was planned to ascertain the genotypes and genetic variations of NSP4 gene in the rotavirus strains prevalent in this area. We collected consecutive diarrhoeal stools from equal no of children aged under five years hospitalized with diarrhoea in a period from January 2010 to June 2012 and tested them for rotavirus antigen by ELISA. NSP4 gene was amplified by RT-PCR and subsequently sequenced (Big-Dye terminator kit using 3130 ABI, Genetic analyzer) and genotyped by Rotavirus C software. Of the 260 samples, 58(22.3%) samples were positive by ELISA. We were able to amplify NSP4 gene by RTPCR from 45 strains of which 35 amplicons were selected for sequencing. Total 25(71.4%) strains belonged to genotype E1, 6 (17.1%) strains to genotype E2 and 4 (11.4%) matched with the genotype E6. Sequence analysis revealed changes in the nucleotides causing punctate mutations in the conserved regions, the Inter species variable domain (ISVD) and the enterotoxin region (amino acid 114-135). On evolutionary analysis of 33 strains amino acid at position 131 was found under positive selection.
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Background & objectives: Dengue virus (DV) infection has emerged as a major health problem in north India. Here, we report the annual trend of dengue virus infection as seen in Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, during 2008-2010. Methods: Blood samples from clinically suspected cases of dengue virus infection were collected and history was taken on structured clinical data sheet. All samples were tested for dengue IgM by antibody capture ELISA. Selected samples were tested by conventional RT-PCR for dengue virus RNA. Weather information was continuously recorded from website of world weather information service. Results: There was a gradual increase in number of dengue fever cases with increased occurrence in 2010. Cases referred in January - December 2008 were 398 (54.5% anti DV IgM positive), in January - December 2009 were 599 (51.9% anti DV IgM positive) and in January - December 2010 were 1602 (64.9% anti DV IgM positive). Serotypes circulating in years 2008, 2009 and 2010 were DV-2 & DV-3, DV -1, 2 & 3 and DV-1 and DV-2 respectively. There is no statistical significant correlation between weather data and increasing dengue positive cases. Interpretation & conclusions: Increased cases of dengue fever were seen in 2010, which was not correlated with any change in environmental factors. A change in circulating serotypes was noted.