RESUMO
Background: Pregnancy associated breast cancer (PABC), diagnosed during pregnancy or one year post-partum, is relatively rare disease and surrounded by controversies about its prognosis and outcome. Methods: This cohort study is a review of retrospectively collected data of patients diagnosed and treated as PABC from 1987 to 2012 at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Pakistan. We identified patients of PABC and compared with non PABC patients matched for age and stage accrued at 1:2 ratios. The outcomes i.e. Overall survival and Disease Free Survival (DFS) were analyzed with Kaplan Meir Curves and Cox Proportional Hazards regression adjusted for matching. Results: We identified 62 patients of PABC, who had more aggressive disease (higher grade and receptor negativity) with higher number of patients who underwent mastectomy. Median overall survival in PABC group was 2.4 years (range: 4 months-8 years) compared to 5.5 years (range: 1.7 years-14 years.) in non PABC group (p-value 0.001). Similarly, the cases with PABC showed inferior DFS (median 1.5yrs) as compared to non PABC (median 3.2 yrs) (p-value= 0.01).Conclusion: PABC has aggressive course with a poor survival as compared to non PABC cases.
RESUMO
Background: Cyclophosphamide (CP), [2-(bis-/2-chloro-ethyl-amino)-tetrahydro-2H-1, 2, 3 oxazaphosphorine-2-oxide], is an alkylating chemotherapeutic agent, which is commonly used against malignancies, such as leukemia, lymphoma, breast, lung, prostrate, and ovarian cancer. The aim of this study is to evaluate the side effect of CP on male albino rat in response to certain hematological and hepatic and renal biochemical parameters. Methods: In this investigation, total 20 albino rats were divided in to two groups of ten each. Group first served as control received i.p. injection of 0.9 physiological saline fed with standard food and water ad libitum. While, Group second received a single dose (0.4ml/100g b/w) through i.p. injection of cyclophosphamide once in a week for a period of 7 and 35 days and hematological parameters i.e. Hb%, total count-RBCs, total count-WBCs along with some biochemical estimations i.e. protein and creatinine levels in liver and kidney were quantified after 7 and 35 days of the treatments. Results: The hematological parameters i.e. Hb%, total count-RBCs, total count –WBCs and protein and creatinine levels in liver and kidney were significantly lowered after 7 and 35 days treatment of cyclophosphamide. The lowering of these values was more prominent in later part of the experiment. Conclusion: Alteration in hematological parameters after cyclophosphamide exposure may impair the functional activities of liver and kidney of male Rattus norvegicus by interfering enzymatic metabolic activities and protein synthesis.