Morphometry of the intercommissural distances and other structures of the aortic valve of bovine heart.

The morphometry of the intercommissural distances and their relation with other structures of the aortic valve of bovine heart was carried out. A total of 32 apparently healthy bovine hearts of indigenous cattle of both sexes (50% male and 50% female), 2-4 years of age, weighing 500 to 800 gms were used in this study. The external intercommissural distances were higher in all cusps of the valve compared to the internal intercommissural distances. The internal intercommissural distance was larger in the RC sinus in case of male animals followed by that of the LC and NC sinus. The mean external intercommissural distances were 34.67+/-3.40, 34.40+/-3.64 and 34.97+/-4.37 mm and the internal intercommissural distances were 21.60+/-4.21, 21.20+/-4.70 and 20.67+/-4.06 mm for LC, RC and NC respectively. Analyzing the internal intercommissural distance, value in the LC sinus was higher followed by the RC and the NC but this variation was non-significant. In regard to the position of the coronary ostia, there were two coronary ostia, the right coronary ostium present in the RC sinus and the left coronary ostium in the LC sinus respectively and the right coronary ostium was supracommissural in position in bovine heart. Data about the morphometrical analysis of intercommissural distances and the position of the coronary ostia of the aortic valve facilitate the knowledge of manufacturing bovine tissue valve as well as those might be involved in valve replacement in human.

Topography and morphometry of the common bile duct and major duodenal papilla of man and principal domesticated animals.

A comparative topography and morphometry of the common bile duct and major duodenal papilla was studied on the extrahepatic biliary apparatus of human and major domesticated animals such as horse, ox, Black Bengal (BB) goat, sheep, dog and cat of local breed. In Black Bengal goat, sheep, dog and cat, the extrahepatic biliary system seemed to be the continuation of the cystic duct, which was found to continue as the common hepatic/common bile duct into which all the hepatic/lobar ducts open. In man, the mean length and the mean diameter of the common bile duct were 7.67+/-0.58 cm. and 7.27+/-0.77 mm. respectively. In the ox, these values were 1.57+/-0.72 cm. and 11.82+/-0.79 mm. respectively; in the Black Bengal goat, 7.23+/-0.74 cm. and 4.45+/-0.72 mm. respectively; in the sheep, 5.27+/-0.66 cm. and 3.75+/-0.79 mm. respectively; in the dog, 4.72+/-0.67 cm. and 6.43+/-0.55 mm. respectively and in the cat, 3.26+/-0.87 cm. and 5.63+/-0.43 mm. respectively. In man, the mean length and the mean diameter at the base of the MDP were 4.37+/-0.56 mm. and 3.97+/-0.72 mm. respectively. In horse, these were 52.36+/-0.67 mm. and 12.47+/-0.63 mm. respectively; in ox, 12.53+/-0.73 mm. and 8.83+/-0.68 mm. respectively; in Black Bengal goat, 14.36+/-0.55 mm. and 5.23+/-0.57 mm. respectively; in sheep, 11.27+/-0.69 mm. and 4.51+/-0.74 mm. respectively; in dog, 17.43+/-0.82 mm. and 6.72+/-0.64 mm. respectively and in cat, these values were 12.36+/-0.47 mm. and 7.12+/-0.87 mm. The distance of the Major Duodenal Papilla (MDP) form the pyloric end of the stomach was proportionately shorter in the meat-eaters, i.e., the omnivorous man (9.76+/-0.88 cm), and the carnivores, dog (6.37+/-0.73 cm) and cat (2.75+/-0.87 cm.) when compared to that of the herbivores, i.e., ox (55.37+/-0.68 cm.), BB goat (23.27+/-0.89 cm.) and sheep (25.62+/-0.77 cm.). In the horse, the major duodenal papilla was perpendicular to the duodenal mucosal surface with the largest mean length and the mean diameter. In all other animals, it was obliquely placed on the duodenal surface with its opening directed aborally.

A prospective study of prenatal and postnatal development of thymus of Deshi chicken.

Thymus was one of the primary lymphoid organs along with the bursa in birds. The growth of the thymus of deshi chicken (Gallus Domesticus) from prenatal embryonic day fifteen (ED15) to postnatal day ninety (D90) were studied. In macroscopic study, it was found as a paired, lobulated gland, one half of which was located on either side of the neck. Each half consists of six to eight, flattened, ovoid to elongated, pale white to yellowish white lobes of varing size and shape of lymphoid tissue lying in the sub-dermal connective tissue of the neck. Histologically, the thymus of deshi chicken at embryonic day fifteen was covered by a very thin connective tissue capsule from which septa arises and divides the gland into lobes and lobules. The lobules were homogenous, small in size and the cortex and medulla were demarcated. Lobules have developing Hassall's corpuscles and they were of uniform shape and size. The lobules become well developed with advancing age. The cortex gradually becomes thicker and was packed with large lymphocytes. Hassall's corpuscles became larger and there number increases at postnatal period (D90) in the medulla of the thymus. The growth and development of thymus at each stage of the study period were found to be significantly high. The present finding of thymus of deshi chicken was found similar to the adult hybrid chicken. The study also indicates that the chicken thymic cell population, structure & functions was similar to the human thymus histologically. It was also found that the chicken embryo allows easy experimental access to all the stages of the thymic development so the present study will be helpful for experimentation on lymphoid organs and to understand pathophysiology of immunological diseases of human.