Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor with Extensive Lymphatic Metastasis: A Case Report

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is a rare tumor which arises from the whole gastrointestinal tracts and most of it is detected in the stomach. It is uncommon with small intestine originated gastrointestinal stromal tumor and more uncommon with lymphatic metastasis. We experienced an unusual case of the small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumor during experimental autopsy. Two primary tumors with central necrosis were detected in the ileum. The sizes of each tumor were 6.1x3.4x4.0 cm and 3.7x4.2x3.2 cm. There was extensive lymphatic metastasis on the greater omentum and mesenteric, iliac lymph nodes were also involved. With histologic findings, the eosinophilic spindle cells were densely distributed. Immunohistochemical findings were CD117 (-), CD34 (+), desmin (-), and S-100 protein (-). Therefore, we diagnosed the tumors as small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumors with broad lymph node mestasis.

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor with Extensive Lymphatic Metastasis: A Case Report

Gastrointestinal stromal tumor is a rare tumor which arises from the whole gastrointestinal tracts and most of it is detected in the stomach. It is uncommon with small intestine originated gastrointestinal stromal tumor and more uncommon with lymphatic metastasis. We experienced an unusual case of the small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumor during experimental autopsy. Two primary tumors with central necrosis were detected in the ileum. The sizes of each tumor were 6.1x3.4x4.0 cm and 3.7x4.2x3.2 cm. There was extensive lymphatic metastasis on the greater omentum and mesenteric, iliac lymph nodes were also involved. With histologic findings, the eosinophilic spindle cells were densely distributed. Immunohistochemical findings were CD117 (-), CD34 (+), desmin (-), and S-100 protein (-). Therefore, we diagnosed the tumors as small bowel gastrointestinal stromal tumors with broad lymph node mestasis.

Expression of DNA Repairing Enzymes in the Cerebral Tissue of the Rat Fetus After Hypoxic Injury / 체질인류학회지

Hypoxia is one of the major causes of neonatal mortality. Hypoxia-induced tissue injuries are resulted from complex mechanisms such as DNA damage and apoptosis. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the changes in the expression of DNA repairing enzymes such as 8-hydroxyguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) and apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 (APE1) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the fetal cerebral tissue after intrauterine hypoxic injury. For this study, pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to hypoxic gas (10% O2, 5% CO2, 85% N2) for 2 or 4 hours at postconception day 14.5 and 15.5. After 24 hours, the animals were anesthetized with ethyl ether and fetuses were obtained by laparatomy. Hematoxylin-eosin stain, immunohistochemical stain, and western blot were employed for analysis. The caspase-3 immunolabeled cells were significantly increased within the cerebral cortex after hypoxic injury. The expressions of OGG1, APE1, and BDNF were also increased in the cerebral tissue after hypoxic injury at post-conception day 14.5, in a dose-dependent manner. However, the expression of BDNF was significantly decreased in the cortical tissue exposed to hypoxic injury at postconception day 15.5. These results demonstrate that fetal hypoxic injury induces apoptosis of the nerve cells and promotes the expressions of the DNA repairing enzymes and neurotrophic factors. In addition, these results suggest that protection mechanisms against hypoxic injury alter along the progression of the fetal development.

Low Dose Treatment of RhTGF-beta1 Restore the Wound Healing Defect in Dexamethasone-treated Rats / 체질인류학회지

Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) has chemotactic effect to monocytes, macrophages and fibroblasts, and it stimulates those cells to produce growth factors and collagen fibers. Therefore, TGF-beta1 plays important roles in the wound healing process. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of recombinant human TGF-beta1 (rhTGF-beta1) on the wound healing defect in dexamethasone-treated rats. Dexamethasone (0.1 mg/kg/day) was subcutaneously injected into the eight-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. At the third day of dexamethasone administration, full thickness wounds were made on the back of the rat. And then, rhTGF-beta1 (50 ng/wound) was intradermally injected in the vicinity of the wounds. The wounds of the normal and the negative control groups were provided with vehicle only. At 1, 3, 5, 7 and 15 days after the surgery, the wound sizes were measured and the wound tissues were obtained and analyzed. The mean wound sizes of the rhTGF-beta1 injected groups were significantly smaller than those of the negative control groups. Moreover, the histologic findings such as cellular infiltration, re-epithelialization and granulation formation and expression patterns of TGF-betas during the wound healing process were improved by administration of rhTGF-beta1. These results support that rhTGF-beta1 can restore wound healing defect due to dexamethasone administration.

Expression of TGFbeta Family in the Developing Internal Ear of Rat Embryos

In order to investigate the expression patterns of the transforming growth factor (TGF)beta isoforms in the internal ear, an immunohistochemical study of rat embryos was performed. Rat embryos were taken on the 13th, 15th, 17th, and 19th day after conception and their internal ears were immunohistochemically stained against TGF beta1, beta2, and beta3. As a result, the 13-day-old embryo showed a very weak positivity to TGF beta1. After the 15th day of pregnancy, no reactivity to TGF beta1 was defected. Immunoreactivity to TGF beta2 was observed from the 15th day of pregnancy throughout the rest of the period. The ampulla of the semicircular canal and the cochlear duct showed a notably strong immunohistochemical reaction. A strong reaction to TGF beta3 was observed on the 15th day of pregnancy. However, no positive reactions were observed thereafter. A strong immunoreactivity was observed especially on the apical cytoplasms, the surfaces of the epithelial cells, and basement membranes of the cochlear duct, as well as the semicircular canals of the developing internal ear of rat embryo.

Effects of Recombinant EPO on Death of Cortical Neuron in Chronic Hypoxia / 체질인류학회지

Chronic hypoxia has been associated with change in neurovascular behavior, mediated, in part, by erythropoietin (EPO). EPO, a hematopoietic growth factor, could act as a neurotrophic factor. In the present study, we investigated the characteristics of EPO and erythropoietin receptor (EPOR) expressions by cortical neuron in vivo and in vitro and tested the hypothesis that EPO serves protective functions under chronic hypoxia. E18, P5 and P7 mice for 3 days and primary cultured neurons for 6 days were incubated in hypoxic conditions consisted of a mixture of 10% O2, 5% CO2, 85% N2. To study expressions of EPO, EPOR, caspases, pAKT, pERK, and PARP, immunohistochemical stainning and western blotting were carried out. In addition to expressing EPO and EPOR under normoxic conditions, neurons increased their expression of EPO and EPOR under hypoxia. The effects of recombinant EPO appeared to be mediated via the phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3- kinase-AKT pathway, correlated directly with activation of caspase 3. Also recombinant EPO decreased expression of caspase 8, but not caspase 9. Finally, recombinant EPO decreased apoptosis of cultured neurons as evaluated by expression of PARP. These data support a role for EPO in maintenance of cortical neuron under chronic hypoxia.

A Case of Bilateral Bridges of a Korean Atlas / 체질인류학회지

We report a case of bilateral bridges of atlas of a Korean atlas and accompanying variation of the course of the left suboccipital nerve that was observed during the practice of the human anatomy in Seonam university, college of medicine. Bridges of atlas across the groove for the vertebral artery run inferomedially from the posterior margins of the superior articular processes to the posterior margins of the grooves. Widths of the narrowest middle portions of the bridges are 5.05 mm at the left and 0.7 mm at the right. Superior and inferior widths of left bridge are 11.6 mm and 10.9 mm, and of the right are 4.45 mm and 4.65 mm respectively. Cross-sectional areas of the foramina formed by bridges of atlas are 34.7 mm 2 at the left and 29.3 mm 2 at the right. These sizes are much smaller than the sizes of the transverse foramina of the atlas at each side, but diameters of the second and third portions of the left vertebral artery are same as 4.3 mm. At the junction between the left bridge and the posterior arch distinct suture line was observed. Because of the relatively wide bridge, the left suboccipital nerve runs more laterally than the right. It turns to the posterior, pierces the obliquus capitis inferior muscle, and branches out to adjacent suboccipital muscles. Branch to the rectus capitis posterior muscles obliquely cross over the suboccipital triangle to these muscles.

Expression of the TGF-beta Family during the Development of Rat Eye / 대한해부학회지

The development of eye is a very dynamic process in which various cells and tissues from diverse originneuroectoderm, surface ectoderm and mesenchyme, undergo induction, mitosis and differentiation. During this process advances, many growth factors are involved. Transforming growth factor betas (TGF-betas) are the pivotal growth factors during cellular growth, differentiation, matrix formation, migration and wound healing. Especially during the development of tissues, TGF-beta s are secreted and induce growth and differentiation of adjacent cells. To investigate the functions of TGF-betas during the development of eye, we studied the expression of TGF-betas in rat embryos. For this study, Sprague-Dawley rat embryos were taken on the 11th 13th, 15th, 17th and 19th day of gestation. To confirm the morphological changes of eyes on each developmental stage, sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Then, to document the expressive patterns of TGF-beta1, beta2, beta3 and TGF-beta receptor type II (TbetaR), immunohistochemistry was applied. The results were obtained as follows: TGF-beta1 was partially expressed in the lens only on the 19th day of gestation. TGF-beta2 was expressed in the retina and lens on the 11th and 13th day, while it was detected in most areas of the eye from the 15th to 19th day. TGF-beta3 was expressed only in the pigment cell layer of the retina on the 11th day, but it was detected in various areas along the advance of the development. Immunoreactivity of TGF-beta3 was always weaker than TGF-beta2. TbetaR showed strong immunoreactivity in where the reactivity of TGF-beta2 was detected. These results indicate that TGF-beta2 and beta3 play important roles during the development of eye.