Evaluation of the influence of genetic variants in Cereblon gene on the response to the treatment of erythema nodosum leprosum with thalidomide

BACKGROUND Erythema nodosum leprosum (ENL) is an acute and systemic inflammatory reaction of leprosy characterised by painful nodules and involvement of various organs. Thalidomide is an immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory drug currently used to treat this condition. Cereblon (CRBN) protein is the primary target of thalidomide, and it has been pointed out as necessary for the efficacy of this drug in others therapeutics settings. OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of CRBN gene variants on the dose of thalidomide as well as its adverse effects during treatment of ENL. METHODS A total of 103 ENL patients in treatment with thalidomide were included in this study. DNA samples were obtained from saliva and molecular analysis of CRBN gene were performed to investigate the variants rs1620675, rs1672770 and rs4183. Different genotypes of CRBN variants were evaluated in relation to their influence on the dose of thalidomide and on the occurrence of adverse effects. FINDINGS No association was found between CRBN variants and thalidomide dose variation. However, the genotypes of rs1672770 showed association with gastrointestinal effects (p = 0.040). Moreover, the haplotype DEL/C/T (rs4183/rs1672770/rs1620675) was also associated with gastrointestinal adverse effects (p = 0.015). MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results show that CRBN variants affect the treatment of ENH with thalidomide, especially on the adverse effects related to the drug.

Whole-exome sequencing in familial keratoconus: the challenges of a genetically complex disorder / Sequenciamento do exoma no ceratocone familiar: os desafios de uma doença genética complexa

ABSTRACT Purpose: The underlying genetic causes of keratoconus are essentially unknown. Here, we conducted whole-exome sequencing in 2 Brazilian families with keratoconus. Methods: Whole-exome sequencing was performed on 6 keratoconus-affected individuals of 2 unrelated pedigrees from Southern Brazil. Pathogenic variants were identified in a modified Trio analysis (1 parent and 2 children) using candidate gene filtering. All the affected subjects underwent detailed corneal tomographic evaluation. Clinically relevant variants that were present in affected individuals at minor allele frequencies <1% were examined in the 1000 Genomes Project single nucleotide polymorphism ABraOM and transcription gene (RefSeq and Ensembl) databases. Results: In family 1, a sequence variant in chromosome 1 (q21.3) was observed within the filaggrin gene. All the tested family members shared a heterozygous missense pathogenic variant in the c.4678C>T position. In family 2, exome analysis demonstrated a sequence variant in chromosome 16 (q24.2) within the gene encoding zinc finger protein 469 (ZNF469). Members of family 2 shared a heterozygous missense variant in the c.1489G>A position. In addition, the exomes of the 2 families were examined for shared genetic variants among all affected individuals. Filtering criteria did not identify any rare sequence variants in a single gene segregated in both families. Conclusion: Our findings show that a complete genotype-phenotype correlation could not be identified, suggesting that keratoconus is a genetically heterogeneous disease. In addition, we believe that whole-exome sequencing-based segregation analysis is probably not the best strategy for identifying variants in families with isolated keratoconus.

RESUMO Objetivos: As causas genéticas subjacentes do ceratocone são essencialmente desconhecidas. Aqui, realizamos o sequenciamento de todo exoma de duas famílias brasileiras com ceratocone. Métodos: O sequenciamento total do exoma foi realizado em 6 indivíduos com ceratocone de duas famílias distintas do sul do Brasil. Variantes patogênicas foram identificadas em uma análise no formato de trio-modificada (um dos pais e dois filhos) usando a filtragem de genes candidatos. Todos os indivíduos afetados passaram por avaliação de tomografia de córnea. Variantes clinicamente relevantes que estavam presentes em indivíduos afetados em menores frequências alélicas <1% foram avaliadas na base de dados de polimorfismo de nucleotídeo único do 1000 Genomes Project ABraOM e do gene de transcrição (RefSeq e Ensembl). Resultados: Na família 1, uma variante de sequência no cromossomo 1 (q21.3) foi observada dentro do gene da filagrina. Todos os membros dessa família compartilhavam uma mutação missense na posição c.4678C>T. Na família 2, a análise do exoma demonstrou uma variante alélica no cromossomo 16 (q24.2) dentro do gene que codifica a proteína de dedo de zinco 469 (ZNF469). Os membros dessa família compartilham uma mutação missense heterozigota na posição c.1489G>A. Além disso, os exomas das duas famílias foram avaliados para variantes genéticas compartilhadas entre todos os indivíduos afetados. Os critérios de filtragem não identificaram variantes de sequência rara em um único gene segregado em ambas as famílias. Conclusão: Nossos achados indicam que uma completa correlação genótipo-fenótipo não pode ser identificada, sugerindo que o ceratocone é uma doença geneticamente heterogênea. Além disso, acreditamos que análises de segregação baseadas no sequenciamento de todo exoma provavelmente não é a melhor estratégia para identificar variantes em famílias isoladas com ceratocone.

Music genetics research: Association with musicality of a polymorphism in the AVPR1A gene

Abstract Musicality is defined as a natural tendency, sensibility, knowledge, or talent to create, perceive, and play music. Musical abilities involve a great range of social and cognitive behaviors, which are influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. Although a number of studies have yielded insights into music genetics research, genes and biological pathways related to these traits are not fully understood. Our hypothesis in the current study is that genes associated with different behaviors could also influence the musical phenotype. Our aim was to investigate whether polymorphisms in six genes (AVPR1A, SLC6A4, ITGB3, COMT, DRD2 and DRD4) related to social and cognitive traits are associated with musicality in a sample of children. Musicality was assessed through an individualized music therapy assessment profile (IMTAP) which has been validated in Brazil to measure musical ability. We show here that the RS1 microsatellite of the AVPR1A gene is nominally associated with musicality, corroborating previous results linking AVPR1A with musical activity. This study is one of the first to investigate musicality in a comprehensive way, and it contributes to better understand the genetic basis underlying musical ability.

TGFA/Taq I polymorphism and environmental factors in non-syndromic oral clefts in Southern Brazil

We report a study of TGFA/ Taq I polymorphisms and environmental factors in non-syndromic oral cleft in Southern Brazil. Nonsyndromic cleft case-parent triads were recruited to participate. Clinical data was collected with an emphasis on tobacco and alcohol use during pregnancy. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and TGFA/ Taq I polymorphisms were analyzed by PCR/RFLP with Taq I restriction enzyme. Association of clefts and TGFA/ Taq I polymorphisms was determined using a transmission disequilibrium test (TDT). Association of environmental factors, clefts, and genotypes was evaluated with Fisher's exact test. The minor allele frequency was 0.064. We found no evidence of association between TGFA/ Taq I polymorphisms and clefting (TDT p = 0.335). We also found no association between TGFA/ TaqI polymorphisms and environmental factors (alcohol and/or tobacco). Therefore, no evidence was found that TGFA/ Taq I polymorphisms play a role in clefting in this population. No evidence was found that tobacco or alcohol exposure during pregnancy was related to clefting, however a larger sample size is needed to confirm these results.