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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pathology increases catabolism and depletes the protein stores, causing malnutrition. However, nutrition assessment in COVID-19 is often overlooked in the current pandemic. The Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score is a validated score to assess nutritional status in hospitalized patients. The objective of the study was to estimate malnutrition among hospitalized adult patients with COVID-19 using the -The Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score and study itseffect on the disease severity and outcomes. Methods:The study was a retrospective study on 146 patients with COVID-19. The history, demographic details were noted and the following parameters were noted at baseline and time of outcome-COVID-19 disease severity, radiological severity, CONUT score, inflammatory markers-serum LDH, CRP, Ferritin, D-Dimer. The outcome parameters-mortality, duration of hospital stay and severity of disease at outcome were measured. Results: Out of the 146 patients, 84 (57.53%) were male and 62 (42.47%) were female. 97.26% patients had malnutrition at baseline with 42 (28.77%) mild, 70 (47.95%) moderate and 30 (20.55%) severe malnutrition based on CONUT score. The CONUT scores were greater at outcome compared to baseline (p<0.001). Higher grades of malnutrition were associated with greater baseline and outcome disease severity (p<0.001), radiological severity (p<0.001), higher levels of inflammatory markers (p<0.001) and a higher mortality (p<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in duration of hospital stay (p=0.67).Conclusions: Malnutrition results in worse outcomes and greater mortality in COVID-19. Individual tailored nutritional support in the hospitalized COVID-19 patients, can thus potentially improve outcomes.
RESUMO
Background: Metabolic syndrome is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Vitamin D has been linked to glucose metabolism and insulin regulation. Hence, this study aims to evaluate the association between the serum level of vitamin D and metabolic syndrome. This may help generate additive strategies in the prevention and management of this syndrome. The objective of the study was to compare the levels of serum vitamin D in subjects with metabolic syndrome and subjects without metabolic syndrome.Methods: A prospective study with 80 subjects was conducted at a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. The sample comprised 40 subjects in the age group of (18-60 years) with metabolic syndrome as cases and 40 subjects without metabolic syndrome in the age groups of (18-60 years) as controls. The presence of any 3 of the following- fasting blood glucose (FBS ≥100mg/dl), triglycerides (TGL≥150mg/dl) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C ≤40mg/dl-men, ≤50mg/dl-women) levels, blood pressure (≥130/85mmHg or drug treatment) and abdominal waist circumference (>94 cm (37 in) in men and >80 cm (31 in) in women) were used as criteria to screen for the presence (cases) or absence (controls) of metabolic syndrome. Serum vitamin D (25-hydroxy vitamin D) levels were compared between the two groups.Results: Mann Whitney U test was used to compare the vitamin D levels between the two groups. Significantly (p=0.05) lower vitamin D levels were seen in the cases compared to the controls.Conclusions: Metabolic syndrome is associated with significantly lower serum vitamin D levels. We suggest that further studies with a larger sample size be undertaken to confirm the same.