Analysis of body weight of adults by different indirect methods / Análise da massa corporal de adultos por diferentes métodos indiretos

Abstract Anthropometry is considered a widely applicable and effective method to track adiposity. Among the current methods of anthropometric analysis are the Body Mass Index (BMI) and the Waist Hip Index (ICQ) are utilized. However, both presents limitations because they fail to estimate the adiposity. In this sense, recently the Body Adiposity Index (IAC) emerged as an important tool in the adipose mass evaluation of large populations. Thus, the present study aimed to evaluate adults aged between 18 and 50 years through BMI, IAC and ICQ and to analyze the agreement degree between the methods. A total of 2602 individuals were analyzed, of which 1457 were women and 1145 men. After analyzing the data, it was verified that the majority of the population are within the standards of men was classified as not overweight only for ICQ and women for BMI and ICQ. In contrast the population of men is classified as healthy only for ICQ and women for BMI and ICQ. Concerning the agreement between the methods, only a positive and significant agreement between BMI and IAC was observed. Therefore, it can be concluded that IAC is an alternative for assessing body composition, showing a good method to estimate the percentage of total body fat of men and women, thus increasing the possibilities of diagnosis of obesity and overweight.

Resumo A antropometria é considerada um método aplicável e eficaz para rastrear a adiposidade. Dentre os métodos atuais estão o índice de Massa Corpórea (IMC) e Índice Cintura Quadril (ICQ). Entretanto, ambos apresentam limitações por não estimarem adiposidade. Recentemente o Índice de Adiposidade Corporal (IAC) surgiu como uma importante ferramenta na avaliação da massa adiposa de grandes populações. Assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar adultos com idade entre 18 e 50 anos através do IMC, IAC e ICQ e analisar o grau de concordância entre os métodos. Analisou-se 2602 indivíduos dos quais 1457 eram mulheres e 1145 homens. Verificou-se que a população de homens foi classificada como sem excesso de peso apenas para o ICQ e as mulheres para o IMC e ICQ. Em contrapartida a população de homens encontra-se classificada como saudável apenas para o ICQ e as mulheres para o IMC e ICQ. Somente foi observada uma positiva e significante concordância entre o IMC e IAC. Portanto, pode-se concluir que o IAC é uma alternativa para avaliação da composição corporal, se mostrando um bom método para estimar o percentual de gordura corporal total de homens e mulheres na faixa etária de 18 a 50 anos, ampliando-se dessa forma as possibilidades de avaliação do perfil antropométrico e diagnóstico de sobrepeso e obesidade.

Physical training prevent and treat hepatic lipid accumulation induced by fructose-rich diet / Treinamento físico previne e trata acumulação lipídica hepática induzida por dieta rica em frutose

This study aims to examine the effects of physical training performed in early (preventive) or late (therapeutic) protocols on body weight gain, glucose tolerance, and triglycerides accumulation in rats fed on a fructoserich diet. Wistar rats were allocated into two major groups according to the diet received: Control (C- standard diet) and Fructose (F- diet containing 60% fructose) fed during 120 days. Next, these two groups were distributed into six groups: C and F that were kept inactive; CTE (Control Trained Early) and FTE (Fructose Trained Early) that were submitted to Anaerobic Threshold (AnT) training from 28 to 120 days; CTL (Control Trained Late) and FTL (Fructose Trained Late) trained from 90 to 120 days. Physical Training was composed by swimming (5 days/week) at AnT determined by maximum lactate stead state (MLSS). The Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (oGTT) was performed 48h after the last in vivo analysis and did not showed differences between the groups. After, the animals were euthanized for heart, liver, and adipose tissue extraction. The early exercised animals had lower body weight compared to their sedentary littermates. Also, the fructose-rich diet increased liver lipids content in the sedentary animals and physical training successfully reduced this parameter in both major groups. These results suggests that physical training at the AnT performed in early or late protocols are effective to prevent and treat metabolic disorders related to fructose intake.

Este estudo tem como objetivo examinar os efeitos do treinamento físico realizado em protocolos precoce (preventivo) ou tardio (terapêutico) sobre o ganho de massa corporal, tolerância à glicose e acúmulo de triglicerídeos em ratos alimentados com dieta rica em frutose. Ratos Wistar foram alocados em dois grupos principais de acordo com a dieta recebida: Controle (C, dieta padrão) e Frutose (F, dieta contendo 60% de frutose) durante 120 dias. Em seguida, esses dois grupos foram distribuídos em seis grupos: C e F que foram mantidos inativos; CET (Controle Treinado Precoce) e FTE (Frutose Treinado Precoce) que foram submetidos ao treinamento no Limiar Anaeróbio (AnT) de 28 a 120 dias; CTL (controle treinado tardio) e FTL (frutose treinado tardio) treinados de 90 a 120 dias. O treinamento físico foi composto por natação (5 dias / semana) na AnT determinado pela Máxima Fase Estável de Lactato (MLSS). O Teste Oral de Tolerância à Glicose (oGTT) foi realizado 48 horas após a última análise in vivo e não mostrou diferenças entre os grupos. Depois, os animais foram eutanasiados para extração do coração, fígado e tecido adiposo. Os animais exercitados precocemente apresentaram menor massa corporal em comparação com os sedentários. Além disso, a dieta rica em frutose aumentou o conteúdo de lipídios do fígado nos animais sedentários e o treinamento físico reduziu com sucesso este parâmetro em ambos os grupos principais. Estes resultados sugerem que o treinamento físico no AnT realizado em protocolos precoce ou tardio são eficazes para prevenir e tratar distúrbios metabólicos relacionados à ingestão de frutose.

Physical training reverses changes in hepatic mitochondrial diameter of Alloxan-induced diabetic rats / Treinamento físico reverte alterações no diâmetro de mitocôndrias hepáticas de ratos diabéticos induzidos pela Aloxana

ABSTRACT Objective To investigate the effects of physical training on metabolic and morphological parameters of diabetic rats. Methods Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: sedentary control, trained control, sedentary diabetic and trained diabetic. Diabetes mellitus was induced by Alloxan (35mg/kg) administration for sedentary diabetic and Trained Diabetic Groups. The exercise protocol consisted of swimming with a load of 2.5% of body weight for 60 minutes per day (5 days per week) for the trained control and Trained Diabetic Groups, during 6 weeks. At the end of the experiment, the rats were sacrificed and blood was collected for determinations of serum glucose, insulin, albumin and total protein. Liver samples were extracted for measurements of glycogen, protein, DNA and mitochondrial diameter determination. Results The sedentary diabetic animals presented decreased body weight, blood insulin, and hepatic glycogen, as well as increased glycemia and mitochondrial diameter. The physical training protocol in diabetic animals was efficient to recovery body weight and liver glycogen, and to decrease the hepatic mitochondrial diameter. Conclusion Physical training ameliorated hepatic metabolism and promoted important morphologic adaptations as mitochondrial diameter in liver of the diabetic rats.

RESUMO Objetivo Investigar os efeitos do treinamento físico nos parâmetros morfológicos e metabólicos de ratos diabéticos. Métodos Ratos Wistar foram randomizados para quatro grupos: controle sedentário, controle treinado, diabético sedentário e diabético treinado. Diabetes mellitus foi induzido por administração de Aloxana (35mg/kg) nos Grupos Diabético Sedentário e diabético treinado. O protocolo de treinamento físico incluiu natação com carga de 2,5% do peso corporal, por 60 minutos por dia (5 dias por semana) para os Grupos Controle Treinado e diabético treinado, durante 6 semanas. Ao final do experimento, os ratos foram sacrificados, e o sangue foi coletado para determinação das concentrações séricas de glicose, insulina, albumina e proteínas totais. Amostras do fígado foram coletadas para determinação do glicogênio, proteínas, DNA e diâmetro mitocondrial. Resultados O Grupo Sedentário Diabético apresentou redução no peso corporal, insulinemia e glicogênio hepático, além de maior glicemia e diâmetro mitocondrial hepático. O protocolo de treinamento físico em animais diabéticos foi eficiente para restaurar o peso corporal e o glicogênio hepático, além de reduzir o diâmetro mitocondrial hepático. Conclusão O treinamento físico melhorou o metabolismo hepático e promoveu importantes adaptações morfológicas, como no diâmetro mitocondrial no fígado de animais diabéticos.

Hippocampal insulin signaling and neuroprotection mediated by physical exercise in Alzheimer´s disease

Abstract Epidemiological studies indicate continuous increases in the prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) in the next few decades. The key feature of this disease is hippocampal neurodegeneration. This structure has an important role in learning and memory. Intense research efforts have sought to elucidate neuroprotective mechanisms responsible for hippocampal integrity. Insulin signaling seems to be a very promising pathway for the prevention and treatment of AD. This hormone has been described as a powerful activator of neuronal survival. Recent research showed that reduced insulin sensitivity leads to low-grade inflammation, and both phenomena are closely related to AD genesis. Concomitantly, exercise has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory effects and to promote improvement in insulin signaling in the hippocampus, which supports neuronal survival and constitutes an interesting non-pharmacological alternative for the prevention and treatment of AD. This review examines recent advances in understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in hippocampal neuroprotection mediated by exercise.(AU)

Interference of the assessment method in pH values of an epoxy-based cement

Introduction :Alkalinization potential is a fundamental property of endodontic epoxy-based cements containing calcium hydroxide. Studies have shown discrepant pH results for same materials at different evaluation periods. A possible reason accounting for these differences may be the assessment procedures. Objective: To evaluate the pH value of an epoxy-based cement (Sealer 26) in different periods of analysis, using two assessment methods. Material and methods:Sealer 26 was manipulated and immediately placed into polyethylene tubes (n=10, each group) and immersed in distilled water. In G1, the tubes were kept in the same water during all experiment; and in G2, the tubes were removed and placed into another flask with an equal amount of water after the pH evaluation. The pH of these solutions was measured at 24 hours, 7, 14 and 28 days. Analysis were made within the same group according to the experimental periods and between groups in each experimental period. Data were submitted to ANOVA (a = 5%) and t test, respectively.Results:For G1 and G2, all periods showed different pH values (p < 0.05), except between 14 and 28 days (p > 0.05) and between 7 and 14 days (p > 0.05), respectively. In each period, no significant differences were observed between the groups.Conclusion: The method to obtain the pH values in different experimental periods no interfered in the final results. However, difference was observed when the results were analyzed at same group.

Avaliação da capacidade de vedamento e pH do tampão apical com cimento Portland branco acrescido de radiopacificadores convencionais / Evaluation of sealing ability and pH of the apical barrier with Portland white cement added of conventional radiopacifying agents

Introdução: O cimento Portland tem apresentado resultados biológicos similares aos do hidróxido de cálcio, porém sua radiopacidade é precária. Assim, a adiçãção de substâncias que minimizem essa deficiência deve ser analisada. Objetivo: Procurou-se avaliar a capacidade de vedamento apical e pH de um tipo de cimento Portland branco, acrescido de diversos radiopacificadores encontrados no arsenal endodôntico. Material e métodos: Quarenta raízes de dentes bovinos, com ápices incompletos, tiveram as aberturas foraminais padronizadas de modo equivalente ao diâmetro da ponta da broca PM 720G. Após a impermeabilizaçãção externa radicular, um tampão apical intrarradicular, de aproximadamente 10,0 mm de espessura, foi executado com o pó do cimento Portland branco puro ou acrescido de um radiopacificador (iodofórmio, óxido de zinco ou subnitrato de bismuto), agregado a 0,37 mL de água destilada. As raízes foram mantidas por 24 horas em ambiente úmido e, após esse período, imersas em Rhodamine B, sob vácuo, por mais 24 horas. Concluída a imersão, os espécimes foram desgastados longitudinalmente, os fragmentos radiculares fotografados, as imagens digitalizadas e a infiltraçã o apical foi medida por meio do programa Image Tools. Paralelamente, avaliou-se também o pH das associações nos períodos de 24 e 48 horas e 7 e 30 dias. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos ao teste de Anova a um critério. Resultados: A associaçãção com o óxido de zinco proporcionou menor infiltraçãção em relaçãção aos demais grupos (p < 0,05). O comportamento do pH dos materiais apresentou variações ao longo do tempo de análise, e no período de 24 horas sempre foram encontrados os maiores valores (p < 0,05). Conclusão: O tipo de radiopacificador interfere na capacidade de vedaçã o apical, sendo o óxido de zinco o mais benéfico. O pH varia de acordo com o período de análise, e foram obtidos nas primeiras 24 horas os maiores valores (p < 0,05).

Introduction: The Portland cement has shown similar biological properties to calcium hydroxide, but its radiopacity is lower. Therefore, the addition of materials that minimize this deficiency should be considered. Objective: To evaluate the apical sealing ability and pH of a white Portland cement added of several radiopacifying agents. Material and methods: Forty bovine roots with incomplete apices were selected, and the foraminal openings were standardized to PM 720G bur. After the external root sealing, an apical intracanal barrier 10.0 mm thick was executed with the white Portland cement powder, pure or added of a radiopacifying agent (iodoform, zinc oxide or bismuth subnitrate), and distilled water (0.37 mL). The apical roots were immersed 24h in water in humid atmosphere, and after that they were immersed 24h in 2% Rhodamine B, under vacuum. In sequence, the roots were longitudinally sectioned, the root fragments were photographed, the images were digitalized and the apical infiltration was measured by the Image Tool program. The pH solutions were also evaluated, in 24h and 48h and 7 and 30 days. Data were submitted to Anova test. Results: The zinc oxide solution has the lowest apical infiltration in relation to the other groups (p < 0.05). The pH behavior varied during the analysis, and in the period of 24h all groups showed the highest values (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The type of radiopacifying agent used interferes in the sealing ability of the apical barrier, and zinc oxide showed to be the most beneficial one. The pH varies according to the period of analysis, and the highest values were obtained in the first 24h (p < 0.05).