TENSE MARKERS IN 6-8 YEARS OLD TYPICAL CHILDREN SPEAKING HINDI

Language acquisition entails the acquisition of several crucial linguistic components like phonology, morphology, syntax and semantics. Individual elements merge seamlessly with each other giving birth to insightful communication whenever needed. Among these varied but fundamental aspects necessary for any competent communicator, is adding on the vital aspect of tense marking appropriately into conversations or text rendering accurately when an event occurred or will occur. We must appreciate this pivotal role played by acquiring fiuency in using verb tenses by young children seeking effective communication alongside understanding its importance a bit more in the language development process. The study attempts to investigate the acquisition of tense markers in typical children speaking Hindi with the goal of assessing data from children in the age range of 6-8 years. Results suggested that tense markers increased with age. Almost half of the tense markers were not fully acquired by the age of 8 years. The research also analysed various studies that uphold the findings.

Traumatic Lumbar Hernia With Abdominal Skin Loss

A traumatic lumbar hernia is a rare entity with <100 cases documented in the English literature. Here, we report the case of a 45-year-old man presented with severe abdominal trauma due to two-wheeler road traffic accident. There was a loss of the loin skin, the abdominal muscles severed from the attachment of the iliac crest exposing the cecum and degloving skin extending along the backup to the scapula. He underwent serial debridement to optimize the wound and tensor fascia lata flap skin graft. He had the recurrence of a hernia at 5-month follow-up; for which, he did not want any further surgical interventions. Autologous tissue cover and negative-pressure wound therapy can be considered for cover in a heavily exudating wound.

A case series on gastro intestinal stromal tumors at various sites

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) represent only 0.1 to 3% of all gastrointestinal malignances. They are neoplasms with varying malignant potential ranging from virtually indolent tumors to rapidly progressing tumors. GISTs harbor an activating mutation in either kit or platelet derived growth Factor A (PDGTKA). Confirmation of diagnosis was mainly made by immunohistochemistry. We encountered 3 cases of GISTs with varying presentation. First one was a case of chronic abdominal pain for which the patient was evaluated and found to have mesenteric GIST and was operated electively after thorough work up. Second one presented as a case of acute abdomen. There was a small bowel gist causing intraluminal obstruction. The third one was a case of epigastric pain with recent episode of hemetemesis and malena for which she was evaluated with upper Gastro intestinal scopy and found to have gastric gist with low malignant potential. Patient underwent elective wide local excision of tumor with follow-up.

Primary transcatheter closure of post-myocardial infarction ventricular septal rupture using amplatzer atrial septal occlusion device: A study from tertiary care in South India

Objective The study investigated effectiveness of transcatheter closure of post-myocardial infarction (MI) ventricular septal rupture (VSR) using atrial septal device (ASD) occluder in a cohort of patients admitted at our institute. Method This was a retrospective, observational and single center study, which included patients who were treated with transcatheter closure for post-MI VSR at our tertiary care center between May 2000 and August 2014 depending upon inclusion and exclusion criteria. Primary outcome was all-cause mortality at 30-days follow-up. The MELD-XI (Model for End Stage Liver Disease) score was used as a predictor for poor outcome in these patients. Results A total of 21 patients (mean age 66.4 ± 5.9 years) were included in the study. Study cohort predominantly included male patients (n = 15; 71.4%) and patients with single vessel disease (n = 15; 71.4%). Revascularization of the culprit lesion, before VSR closure, was attempted in 6 patients. Except one patient (treated with Cera® occluder), all patients were treated with Amplatzer® ASD occluders. Average diameter of VSR was 20.8 ± 6.9 mm. Diameter of the device used in the study ranged from 10 mm to 30 mm. Residual defect was detected in 13 patients (62%). All-cause mortality at 30-day follow-up was observed in 9 (42.9%) patients. Time to VSR closure, diameter of VSR, and serum creatinine levels were significantly related to the 30-day mortality. MELD-XI score was found to be strongly associated with increased risk of mortality. Conclusion Primary transcatheter VSR closure using ASD occluders is a feasible approach which can provide reasonable survival outcomes along with equitable mortality rates.

Isolated mesenteric injury causing Ileal devascularisation with uterine perforation following termination of pregnancy; A case report and literature review

Surgical abortion is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality, constituting up to 20% of maternal deaths. Uterine perforation is a rare complication, accounting for4% of all the abortion related complications. Intestinal injury with uterine perforation following termination of pregnancy is even rare and is a potentially fatal complication with mortality of up to 10%. A 27-year-old G3P2L2 woman with 12 weeks of gestation referred to our hospital in hemorrhagic shock with a suspicion of uterine perforation following dilatation and curettage for termination of pregnancy. Patient underwent emergency laparotomy. She was found to have uterine perforation with mesenteric and ileal injuries intraoperatively. Perforation closure with ileoileal resection and anastomosis was done. Postoperatively the patient recovered completely. Prompt reporting/recognition of uterine perforation, preoperative resuscitation and early intervention are the most important steps in the management of patients with intestinal injury. Trauma surgeon should never hesitate or delay in considering an Emergency Laparotomy/ laparoscopy in cases of suspected intestinal injury with uterine perforation. Emergency exploration decreases the morbidity and mortality to a great extent in patients with intestinal injury

Fluorescence of Candida in diagnosis of oral candidiasis.

Background: Many pathogenic fungi fluoresce in hematoxylin and eosin stained sections, and Papanicolaou (PAP)‑stained smears under ultraviolet illumination. In theory, this phenomenon could aid in the diagnosis of common fungal infections without the delay which is usually associated with special stains. Objective: To evaluate the role of fluorescence as a rapid screening technique for oral infections caused by Candida organisms in exfoliative smears of oral candidiasis. Materials and Methods: Two smears and one swab were collected from each of 62 clinically diagnosed cases of oral candidiasis. Smears were stained with (PAP) and periodic acid–Schiff stain (PAS). Both smears were evaluated under light microscopy (LM). Later, PAP smears were observed under fluorescent microscopy (PAP‑FM). The swab was inoculated on Sabouraud’s agar plate. Each technique was evaluated for sensitivity and specificity. Results: It was found that the PAS‑stained smears were more reliable for detection of Candida species than other methods (sensitivity = 100%; specificity = 66.7%). The PAP‑LM and PAP‑FM showed less sensitivity (67.9% and 85.7%) and specificity (66.7% and 33.3%), respectively. Combined results of both light and fluorescent microscopy of PAP (LM + FM) showed increased sensitivity (89.3%) but reduced specificity (16.7%). Conclusion: PAP autofluorescence is less sensitive than PAS, still it accentuates the distinct morphological features of Candida.

Cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene abnormalities in Indian males with congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens & renal anomalies.

Background & objectives: The role of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene mutations in congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens and unilateral renal agenesis (CBAVD-URA) has been controversial. Here, we report the cases of five Indian males with CBAVD-URA. The objective was to evaluate the presence or absence of CFTR gene mutations and variants in CBAVD-URA. The female partners of these males were also screened for cystic fibrosis (CF) carrier status. Methods: Direct DNA sequencing of CFTR gene was carried out in five Indian infertile males having CBAVD-URA. Female partners (n=5) and healthy controls (n=32) were also screened. Results: Three potential regulatory CFTR gene variants (c.1540A>G, c.2694T>G and c.4521G>A) were detected along with IVS8-5T mutation in three infertile males with CBAVD-URA. Five novel CFTR gene variants (c.621+91A>G, c.2752+106A>T, c.2751+85_88delTA, c.3120+529InsC and c.4375-69C>T), four potential regulatory CFTR gene variants (M470V, T854T, P1290P, Q1463Q) and seven previously reported CFTR gene variants (c.196+12T>C, c.875+40A>G, c.3041-71G>C, c.3271+42A>T, c.3272-93T>C, c.3500-140A>C and c.3601-65C>A) were detected in infertile men having CBAVD and renal anomalies Interpretation & conclusions: Based on our findings, we speculate that CBAVD-URA may also be attributed to CFTR gene mutations and can be considered as CFTR-related disorder (CFTR-RD). The CFTR gene mutation screening may be offered to CBAVD-URA men and their female partners undergoing ICSI. Further studies need to be done in a large sample to confirm the findings.

Role of Induced Sputum, Bronchial Aspirate and Post Bronchoscopic Sputum in the Diagnosis of Sputum Smear Negative Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

Background: The diagnosis of Pulmonary Tuberculosis is largely dependent of the positive result of the sputum smear by ZN staining. But in many cases, although active tuberculosis is present, due to many reasons, sputum smear may yield a negative result. With a late culture result, no reliable serological test available to enable an early diagnosis, role of induced sputum and bronchoscopy has been tried with excellent results. Methods: 50 fresh smear negative cases between the ages of 16-65 years, clinically and radiologically suspected of Pulmonary Tuberculosis were subjected to induced sputum and bronchoscopy after detailed history and thorough clinical examination as done. Clinical symptoms were noted, 2 sputum smears (spot and early morning) and chest x-rays were taken for all patients. Results: Males between 24 – 44 years were seen to be predominant patients. The most common symptom appeared to be cough in 80% followed by fever in 60% of the cases. 76% of patients had unilateral lesions and 24% with bilateral lesions. 84% of the sputum negative patents were identified as active tuberculosis cases. Conclusion: Induced sputum and fiber optic bronchoscopy with bronchial aspirate and post bronchoscopic sputum can provide excellent material for diagnosis of suspected cases of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in whom smears of expectorated sputum do not reveal mycobacteria. There is minimum patient discomfort, reduced complications and relatively good yield which makes these procedures justifiable in the diagnosis of fresh smear negative pulmonary tuberculosis.

Comparison of shear bond strength of self‑etching fluoride releasing adhesives with and without pumice prophylaxis.

Context: Despite the advances in orthodontic material and treatment mechanics, the placement of fixed appliances increases the risk of enamel demineralization. The development of fluoride release adhesives has attracted considerable interests because the combined use of antimicrobials and fluoride enhances the cariostatic effect. Aim: To compare the shear bond strength (SBS) of fluoride release adhesives with established orthodontic adhesives and assess failure mode using adhesive remnant index (ARI). Settings and Design: The present study included 80 maxillary premolars which were randomly divided into four groups (n = 20) and were further subdivided into two subgroups A ‑ Pumice prophylaxis (PP) and subgroup B ‑ No PP (n = 10). Materials and Methods: Stainless steel brackets were bonded with Transbond XT, Transbond plus (TP) color change adhesive, Light Bond, and Clearfil protect bond. After debonding, the ARI was used to assess the mode of bracket failure. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed using two‑way analysis of variance, Post‑hoc Tukey Honest significant differences test, and Chi‑square test. Results: The mean SBS of Group 4 was comparably higher regardless of PP. Brackets bonded with TP showed a comparable SBS to conventional Transbond XT. The ARI scores were predominately 2. Conclusions: Fluoride releasing adhesives combined with antibacterial monomer can play a vital role in reducing white spot lesions by enhancing the cariostatic effect especially in noncompliant\medically compromised patients.

Autonomic dysfunctions in patients with scorpion sting: early predictors of severe disease.

Scorpion sting envenomation is a common medical emergency accounting for nearly 2.8% of annual intensive cardiac care unit admissions and much more outpatient visits. Symptomatology and severity of envenomation varies greatly. Autonomic storm may end up in loss of life. Methods: This is a clinical study conducted between April 2011 and February 2013. Patients with moderate to severe envenomation were examined at frequent intervals for various autonomic manifestations. Various demographic, clinical and electrocardiogram (ECG) changes were studied for their association with severity of envenomation. Results were statistically evaluated for their significance. Results: A total of 106 patients were studied with a mean age of 27.25 years and peak incidence between 11 and 30 year age groups. 91% reached the hospital within 12 h. 7.55% of the patients had Grade 2, 74.53% had Grade 3 and 17.92% had Grade 4 disease, all grades were common in 11-30 age group. Autonomic disturbances; profuse sweating seen in 72.6% of the patients that showed a strong correlation with pulmonary edema and ECG manifestations (p ≤ 0.0001). Pulmonary edema was present in 37.7% of the patients. Excessive salivation was seen in 28.3%, and persistent nausea and vomiting were seen in 24.5%, both were associated with severe cardio-pulmonary manifestations. Hypotension was present in 14.2% of patients that was associated with poor prognosis (p ≤ 0.0001). Conclusions: Scorpion sting envenomation is a life-threatening problem requiring immediate attention. Presence of autonomic dysfunctions; profuse sweating, excessive salivation, persistent nausea and vomiting, hypotension at presentation are poor prognostic factors.

Comparison of shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets bonded using two different hydrophilic primers: An in vitro study.

Context: Salivary control and maintenance of a dry operating field is a prime requisite of orthodontic bonding. Moisture insensitive primer (MIP) with a clinical significant bond strength values have a better edge over the conventional hydrophobic bonding systems. Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate the effectiveness of two hydrophilic primers with respect to conventional hydrophobic primer by comparing their shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive-failure locations after contamination with saliva and saliva substitute. Materials and Methods: A total of 150 extracted human premolars were randomly divided into five group s ; Group A (Transbond MIP/saliva substitute), Group B (Opal Primo/saliva substitute), Group C (Transbond MIP/natural saliva), Group D (Opal Primo/natural saliva), control group - Group E (Transbond XT/dry), adhesive-Transbond XT used for all five groups and bonded using stainless steel brackets. Shear forces were applied to the samples with a universal testing machine. SBSs was measured in megapascals. The mode of bond failure was determined using the adhesive remnant index (ARI). Results: The mean SBS produced by Transbond MIP was higher than Opal Primo, which was statistically significant according to one-way analysis of variance. Both the tested groups showed lesser bond strength values than Transbond XT (the control). ARI scores revealed that there was no statistically significant difference in the site of bond failure between study groups. ARI scores were found to be lower for study groups suggesting adhesive failure, compared to higher ARI scores for the control group suggesting cohesive failure. Conclusion: Transbond XT adhesive with Transbond MIP or Opal Primo have clinically acceptable bond strength in wet fields. Opal Primo is a viable option to use as a hydrophilic primer clinically.

Evaluation of antioxidant, in vitro cytotoxicity of micropropagated and naturally grown plants of Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.-an endangered medicinal plant

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and anti proliferative potential of different solvent extract of micropropagated and naturally grown plants of Leptadenia reticulata against various cancer cell lines. Methods: In this study different extract were tested for cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7, human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line HT-29 and non cancer skeletal muscle cell line L6 through 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The total antioxidant potential was estimated by three different antioxidant model diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity, H

Evaluation of antioxidant, in vitro cytotoxicity of micropropagated and naturally grown plants of Leptadenia reticulata (Retz.) Wight & Arn.-an endangered medicinal plant

OBJECTIVE@#To evaluate the antioxidant and anti proliferative potential of different solvent extract of micropropagated and naturally grown plants of Leptadenia reticulata against various cancer cell lines.@*METHODS@#In this study different extract were tested for cytotoxicity against human breast adenocarcinoma cell line MCF-7, human colon adenocarcinoma grade II cell line HT-29 and non cancer skeletal muscle cell line L6 through 3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazol-2-yl)-5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide assay. The total antioxidant potential was estimated by three different antioxidant model diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity, H2O2 scavenging activity and FeCl3 reducing activity.@*RESULTS@#The ethyl acetate extract of both naturally grown plant and tissue cultured plant exhibited significant cytotoxicity with IC50 values of 21 µg/mL, 26 µg/mL and 22 µg/mL; 20 µg/mL, 30 µg/mL and 18 µg/mL respectively against three cell lines. The diphenylpicrylhydrazyl free radical scavenging activity was found to be highest with IC50 value of 267.13 µg/mL in ethyl acetate extract. The methanolic extract exhibited moderate antioxidant activity with IC50 value of 510.15 µg/mL. A highly positive correlation was observed between the antioxidant potential and cytotoxic activity of the plant.@*CONCLUSIONS@#The strong cytotoxicity of ethyl acetate extract revealed anti carcinogenic potential of the plant which supports its traditional use as medicine. The present investigation is new to literature till date and will provide better scientific basis for future pharmacological, in vivo studies and novel source of pure bioactive compounds having anti cancer properties in this plant.

Various methods available for detection of apoptotic cells- A review.

Apoptosis is a process of programmed cell death occurring in multicellular organisms in whom development, maintenance and sculpturing organs and tissues. Taken together, apoptotic processes are of widespread biological significance; being involved in e.g. development, differentiation, proliferation/homoeostasis, regulation and function of the immune system and in the removal of defected harmful cells. Dys regulation of apoptosis can play a primary or secondary role leading to cancer whereas excessive apoptosis contributes to neuro degeneration, autoimmunity, AIDS, and ischemia. Gaining insight into the techniques for detecting apoptotic cells will allow the development of more effective, higher specific and therefore better-tolerable therapeutic approaches. The goal of this review article is to provide a general overview of current knowledge, on the various technical approaches for detecting apoptotic cells.

Role of tricalcium phosphate implant in bridging the large osteoperiosteal gaps in rabbits.

Treatment options for large osteoperiosteal defects are limited and that which are available are not ideal. Osteoperiosteal defect were created in ulnae of both forelimbs of rabbits and tricalcium phosphate implant was used to bridge the gap. Amongst the 35 implanted ulnae, one implant got dislodged. Rest of the implants showed good adherence to host bone until the final follow up. Five control rabbit limbs (in which no implants were put) showed persistent bone gap. Histological and Electron microscopic examination revealed bone tissues covering the surface of the implant and bridging the gap. New bone was formed in the pores also. Tricalcium phosphate implants showed new bone formation due to osteoconductive properties. They are biodegradable. It is suggested that tricalcium phosphate implants are viable treatment alternatives in management of large osteoperiosteal defects with minimal to no adverse effects.

In vitro analysis on bactericidal screening and antioxidant potentiality of leaf and root extracts of Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou. An ethnobotanical plant

Objective: Natural products of plant origin are potential source of novel antimicrobial and antioxidative agents. Thottea siliquosa (Lam.) Ding Hou. (T. siliquosa). A medicinal herb used by local tribals for treating various ailments. The present study aims at the phytochemical screening, GC-MS analysis, in vitro antibacterial activity and antioxidant potentiality of root and leaf extracts of T. siliquosa.Methods:Hot continuous Soxhlet extraction, GC-MS analysis, antibacterial analysis by disc diffusion, microdilution assay and antioxidant potentialities by hydroxyl radical and nitric oxide radical scavenging. The data was statistically analyzed. Results: Phytochemical screening of the ethyl acetate and methanolic extract of leaf and root revealed the presence of phenols, alkaloids, tannins and saponin. The extract revealed a pool of phytochemicals by comparison with authentic standards from spectral library. Both the extracts has shown their broad spectrum of inhibition against the selected bacteria Staphylococcus aureus,Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia compared with standard antibiotic drug streptomycin. The extracts showed antioxidant activity by scavenging of free radicals such as hydroxyl and nitric oxide. The IC50 values of the ethyl acetate extracts leaf and root and standard in this assay were 167.5±0.67, 99.4±1.2, 192±2.5 μg/mL respectively. Similarly those methanolic extracts of leaf and root were 269.5±0.89 and 289.1±2.66 μg/mL respectively. Similarly, ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts also caused a moderate dose-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide with an IC50 range 65.5±1.55 to 148 ±3.09 μg/mL. The inhibitory activities were found to be dose dependent.Conclusion:The present study provides evidence that ethyl acetate and methanol extract of leaf and root of T. siliquosa are potential source of natural antioxidants and bactericidal nature. It is essential that research should continue to isolate and purify the bio active components of this natural plant and use in drug discovery and development.

Taxonomical outlines of bio-diversity of Karnataka in a 14th century Kannada toxicology text Khagendra Mani Darpana

Origin of ancient Indian toxicology can be dated back to vedic literature. Toxins of both animate and inanimate world were very well understood during the era. Rig and Atharva vedic texts describe such details. After classifying such toxins, Charaka Samhitha, thebasic literature of Indian Medicine used gold and ghee as panaceas to counter act them. Ayurveda considers toxicology as one among the eight specialized branches of medical wisdom. Unfortunately, the available literature on this is very limited. Moreover, they have been discussed briefly in Charaka and Sushrutha Samhitha. Mangarasa I, a Jain scholar who lived on the foothills of the Western Ghats, in Southern India in 1350 A.D., felt this vacuum and composed an independent, elaborate Kannada text on toxicology. His less known text Khagendra Mani Darpana (KMD) is the first ever documented complete text on toxicology in the world. Medieval Indian wisdom on plant and animal diversities are very well reflected in this unique toxicological text. Centuries past to Linnean era, KMD gives vivid descriptions on zoological and botanical diversities of the time. This astonishing fact is an evidence of our ancestor's curiosities about the nature around them. A critical overview of the bio-diversity described in KMD text is discussed in this paper.

Evaluation of gastro-protective effect of the hydro-alcoholic extract of Juglans regia. L leaves in experimental animals.

The aim of our study was to evaluate the gastro protective effect of aqueous extract of Juglans regia.L leaves in albino rats. Albino rats of wistar variety weighing 140-165gms were used in the experiment. The sexes were evenly divided into different treatment groups. The aqueous leaf extract of Juglans regia.L was investigated for its anti- ulcer activity against pylorus ligation, aspirin induced and ethanol induced gastric ulcer in rats at 500mg/kg body weight p.o. Histopathological assessment of rat stomach was carried out. A significant reduction (p<0.01) in ulcer index was seen in leaf extracts of Juglans regia.L treated rats of pylorus ligation, aspirin induced and ethanol induced gastric ulcer models. The gastro protective effect was further confirmed by histopathological examination of rat stomach. Thus the present study concludes the Juglans regia.L leaf extract having potential gastro protective effect in the three models tested.

Evaluation of Role of Anterior Debridement and Decompression of Spinal Cord and Instrumentation in Treatment of Tubercular Spondylitis

STUDY DESIGN: Prospective study with simple randomization. PURPOSE: To evaluate the results of anterior spinal instrumentation, debridement and decompression of cord and compare it with results of a similar procedure done without the use of anterior instrumentation. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Use of anterior spinal instrumentation in treatment of tubercular spondylitis is still an infrequently followed modality of treatment and data regarding its usefulness are still emerging. METHODS: Thirty-two patients of tubercular paraplegia with involvement of dorsal and dorso-lumbar vertebrae were operated with anterior spinal cord decompression, autofibular strut grafting with anterior instrumentation in 18 patients and no implant in 14 patients. Results were compared on the basis of improvement in Frankel grade, correction of local kyphosis, decrease in canal compromise and further progression of kyphosis. RESULTS: The mean local kyphosis correction in the immediate postoperative period was 24.1degrees in the instrumented group and was 6.1degrees in the non instrumented group. The mean late loss of correction of local kyphosis at 3 years follow-up was 1.7degrees in the instrumented and 6.7degrees in the non instrumented group. The mean improvement in canal compression was 39.5% in the instrumented group and 34.8% in the non instrumented group. CONCLUSIONS: In treatment of tubercular spondylitis by anterior debridement and decompression of the spinal cord and autofibular strut grafting, the use of instrumentation has no relation with the improvement in neurological status, however the correction of local kyphosis and prevention of further progression of local kyphosis was better with the use anterior spinal instrumentation.

The Study of Base Catalysed Synthesis of 2-Chloro- 4-Amino-5-Flouropyrimidine from a biologically active Compound 5-Flouro Pyrimidine.

The base catalyzed study of synthesis of 2-chloro-4-Amino-5-flouroPyrimidine to improve the yields and economically viable industrialization process from its biological active pyrimidine derivative of 5-flourouracil.