Estrogen receptor beta suppresses the androgen receptor oncogenic effects in triple-negative breast cancer / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

BACKGROUND@#Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive type of breast cancer associated with poor prognosis and limited treatment options. The androgen receptor (AR) has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for luminal androgen receptor (LAR) TNBC. However, multiple studies have claimed that anti-androgen therapy for AR-positive TNBC only has limited clinical benefits. This study aimed to investigate the role of AR in TNBC and its detailed mechanism.@*METHODS@#Immunohistochemistry and TNBC tissue sections were applied to investigate AR and nectin cell adhesion molecule 4 (NECTIN4) expression in TNBC tissues. Then, in vitro and in vivo assays were used to explore the function of AR and estrogen receptor beta (ERβ) in TNBC. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq), co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), molecular docking method, and luciferase reporter assay were performed to identify key molecules that affect the function of AR.@*RESULTS@#Based on the TNBC tissue array analysis, we revealed that ERβ and AR were positive in 21.92% (32/146) and 24.66% (36/146) of 146 TNBC samples, respectively, and about 13.70% (20/146) of TNBC patients were ERβ positive and AR positive. We further demonstrated the pro-tumoral effects of AR on TNBC cells, however, the oncogenic biology was significantly suppressed when ERβ transfection in LAR TNBC cell lines but not in AR-negative TNBC. Mechanistically, we identified that NECTIN4 promoter -42 bp to -28 bp was an AR response element, and that ERβ interacted with AR thus impeding the AR-mediated NECTIN4 transcription which promoted epithelial-mesenchymal transition in tumor progression.@*CONCLUSIONS@#This study suggests that ERβ functions as a suppressor mediating the effect of AR in TNBC prognosis and cell proliferation. Therefore, our current research facilitates a better understanding of the role and mechanisms of AR in TNBC carcinogenesis.

Clinical study of the relationship between cellular adhesion molecules and left ventricular geometry and function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome and prehypertension / 中华超声影像学杂志

Objective:To investigate the correlations between serum E selectin, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 (VCAM-1) and left ventricular geometry and function in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) combined with prehypertension (pre-HT).Methods:A total of 462 patients with pre-HT and OSAS diagnosed by polysomnography (PSG) in the sleep monitoring unit of the Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine at the First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University from July 2019 to July 2022 were restrospectively analysed, and 52 patients with pure pre-HT (pre-HT group) and 73 patients with pure OSAS (OSAS group) in the same period were selected as the control group. OSAS and pre-HT patients were divided into four groups according to left ventricular geometry: normal geometry (NG) group, concentric remodeling (CR) group, eccentric hypertrophy (EH) group and concentric hypertrophy (CH) group. The general clinical data, PSG parameters, blood biochemical parameters and left ventricular structure and function parameters were compared among the six groups. Pearson correlation and multivariate Logistic regression were used to analyze the correlation between E-selection, ICAM-1, VCAM-1, general clinical data, PSG parameters, blood biochemical parameters with left ventricular geometry and function.Results:①Serum E selectin, ICAM-1, and VCAM-1 concentrations increased sequentially from the NG, CR, and EH to CH groups, with the most significant increase in CH group (all P<0.05). In addition, there were statistically significant differences in age, body mass index (BMI), OSAS severity, neck circumference, waist circumference, systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), Glu, lowest oxygen saturation (Lowest-SaO 2), mean oxygen saturation (Mean-SaO 2), percentage of time with oxygen saturation below 90% of total sleep time (T90), left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDd), interventricular septal thickness (IVST), left ventricular posterior wall thickness (LVPWT), left ventricular mass index (LVMI), relative ventricular wall thickness (RWT), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), peak mitral early diastolic flow velocity/peak mitral late diastolic flow velocity (E/A), E wave deceleration time (DT), A wave duration (AD), and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), and overall long-axis longitudinal strain (GLS) and so on(all P<0.05). ②Pearson correlation analysis showed that E selectin was negatively correlated with LVEF, E/A, e′, E/e′, IVRT, and GLS ( r=-0.236, -0.131, -0.224, -0.215, -0.285, -0.336; all P<0.05). ICAM-1 was negatively correlated with LVEF, E, E/A, e′, IVRT, and GLS( r=-0.130, -0.129, -0.104, -0.351, -0.252, -0.259; all P<0.05). VCAM-1 was negatively correlated with E, e′, and IVRT ( r=-0.132, -0.312, -0.387; all P<0.001). ③Multifactorial logistic regression analysis showed that E selectin and VCAM-1 were independently correlated with EH (β=1.139, OR=3.124, P=0.030; β=1.288, OR=3.626, P<0.001) and with CH (β=1.178, OR=3.248, P=0.013; β=1.108, OR=3.028, P<0.001). Conclusions:E selection and VCAM-1 were independently correlated with hypertrophic left ventricular geometry, suggesting that E selectin and VCAM-1 may be involved in the process of abnormal left ventricular structure and function in patients with OSAS combined with pre-HT.

Engineering and application of Komagataella phaffii as a cell factory / 生物工程学报

Nowadays, engineered Komagataella phaffii plays an important role in the biosynthesis of small molecule metabolites and protein products, showing great potential and value in industrial productions. With the development and application of new editing tools such as CRISPR/Cas9, it has become possible to engineer K. phaffii into a cell factory with high polygenic efficiency. Here, the genetic manipulation techniques and objectives for engineering K. phaffii are first summarized. Secondly, the applications of engineered K. phaffii as a cell factory are introduced. Meanwhile, the advantages as well as disadvantages of using engineered K. phaffii as a cell factory are discussed and future engineering directions are prospected. This review aims to provide a reference for further engineering K. phaffii cell factory, which is supposed to facilitate its application in bioindustry.

A novel CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI donor adapting system for dsDNA-templated gene editing / 生物工程学报

During the gene editing process mediated by CRISPR/Cas9, precise genome editing and gene knock-in can be achieved by the homologous recombination of double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) donor template. However, the low-efficiency of homologous recombination in eukaryotic cells hampers the development and application of this gene editing strategy. Here, we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI donor adapting system (DAS) to enhance the dsDNA-templated gene editing, taking the advantage of the specific binding of the LacI repressor protein and the LacO operator sequence derived for the Escherichia coli lactose operon. The codon-humanized LacI gene was fused as an adaptor to the Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 (SpCas9) and Staphylococcus lugdunensis Cas9 (SlugCas9-HF) genes, and the LacO operator sequence was used as the aptamer and linked to the dsDNA donor template by PCR. The Cas9 nuclease activity after the fusion and the homology-directed repair (HDR) efficiency of the LacO-linked dsDNA template were firstly examined using surrogate reporter assays with the corresponding reporter vectors. The CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI DASs mediated genome precise editing were further checked, and we achieved a high efficiency up to 30.5% of precise editing at the VEGFA locus in HEK293T cells by using the CRISPR/SlugCas9-hLacI DAS. In summary, we developed a novel CRISPR/Cas9-hLacI DAS for dsDNA-templated gene editing, which enriches the CRISPR/Cas9-derived gene editing techniques and provides a novel tool for animal molecular design breeding researches.

Mechanism of Qiwei Guibao Granules in treatment of premature ovarian failure based on proteomics / 中国中药杂志

In this study, the underlying mechanism of Qiwei Guibao Granules(QWGB) in the treatment of premature ovarian fai-lure(POF) was explored by the proteomics technique. Firstly, the POF model was induced in mice by intragastric administration of Tripterygium wilfordii glycosides solution at 50 mg·kg~(-1) for 14 days. Ten days prior to the end of the modeling, the estrous cycle of mice was observed every day to evaluate the success of modeling. From the 1st day after modeling, the POF model mice were treated with QWGB by gavage every day and the treatment lasted four weeks. On the 2nd day after the end of the experiment, blood was collected from the eyeballs and the serum was separated by centrifugation. The ovaries and uterus were collected and the adipose tissues were carefully stripped. The organ indexes of the ovaries and uterus of each group were calculated. The serum estrogen(E_2) level of mice in each group was detected by ELISA. Protein samples were extracted from ovarian tissues of mice, and the differential proteins before and after QWGB intervention and before and after modeling were analyzed by quantitative proteomics using tandem mass tags(TMT). As revealed by the analysis of differential proteins, QWGB could regulate 26 differentially expressed proteins related to the POF model induced by T. wilfordii glycosides, including S100A4, STAR, adrenodoxin oxidoreductase, XAF1, and PBXIP1. GO enrichment results showed that the 26 differential proteins were mainly enriched in biological processes and cellular components. The results of KEGG enrichment showed that those differential proteins were involved in signaling pathways such as completion and coalescence cascades, focal adhesion, arginine biosynthesis, and terpenoid backbone biosynthesis. The complement and coalescence cascades signaling pathway was presumably the target pathway of QWGB in the treatment of POF. In this study, the proteomics technique was used to screen the differential proteins of QWGB in the treatment of POF in mice induced by T. wilfordii glycosides, and they were mainly involved in immune regulation, apoptosis regulation, complement and coagulation cascade reactions, cholesterol metabolism, and steroid hormone production, which may be the main mechanisms of QWGB in the treatment of POF.

Research progress in anti-reflux reconstructions and mechanism after proximal gastrectomy / 中华胃肠外科杂志

The electrophysiological activity of the gastrointestinal tract and the mechanical anti-reflux structure of the gastroesophageal junction are the basis of the anti-reflux function of the stomach. Proximal gastrectomy destroys the mechanical structure and normal electrophysiological channels of the anti-reflux. Therefore, the residual gastric function is disordered. Moreover, gastroesophageal reflux is one of the most serious complications. The emergence of various types of anti-reflux surgery through the mechanism of reconstructing mechanical anti-reflux barrier and establishing buffer zone, and the preservation of, the pacing area and vagus nerve of the stomach, the continuity of the jejunal bowel, the original gastroenteric electrophysiological activity of the gastrointestinal tract, and the physiological function of the pyloric sphincter, are all important measures for gastric conservative operations. There are many types of reconstructive approaches after proximal gastrectomy. The design based on the anti-reflux mechanism and the functional reconstruction of mechanical barrier, and the protection of gastrointestinal electrophysiological activities are important considerations for the selected of reconstructive approaches after proximal gastrectomy. In clinical practice, we should consider the principle of individualization and the safety of radical resection of tumor to select a rational reconstructive approaches after proximal gastrectomy.

Drug-coated balloon for in-stent restenosis in femoropopliteal segment: 1-year clinical outcomes from a multicenter study in China / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To evaluate the safety and efficacy at 1-year follow-up of the use of drug-coated balloon (DCB) for the treatment of femoropopliteal in-stent restenosis (ISR).Methods:This study enrolled 252 patients undergoing Orchid DCB angioplasty for peripheral arterial disease in the femoral-popliteal segment. The clinical data were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Forty-nine patients were eligible, including 29 (59.2%) chronic total occlusions belonging to TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus-Ⅱ(TASC Ⅱ) D, 7 (14.3%) thrombosis, and 14 (28.6%) moderate to severe calcifications. The mean lesion length was (215.9±97.1) mm. 69.4% were of occlusive lesions (Tosaka Ⅲ category). Only 1 provisional stent was implanted. 98% patients had severe claudication or even worse. Of these cases, 34 (73.9%) showed improvements in Rutherford category, while 11 (23.9%) did not change and 1 (2.2%) case deteriorated. The average value of ABI was 0.478±0.264 before surgery and 0.907±0.207 at the end of follow-up. The improvement in Rutherford category ( P<0.01) and ABI ( P<0.005) were both significant. The primary patency (PP) was 80.4%, and the freedom from clinically driven TLR was 84.8% at 1 year. During the follow-up period, there was no all-cause death and major limb amputation. Conclusion:This multicenter study demonstrated the effectiveness of DCB as a treatment for complicated and extensive ISR lesions within 12 months.

Risk factors of long-term mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism and the predictive value of echocardiography / 中华全科医师杂志

Objective:To investigate the risk factors of long-term mortality in patients with acute pulmonary embolism (APE) and to explore the predictive value of echocardiography.Methods:A total of 109 APE patients admitted in First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University between December 2010 and November 2014 were enrolled in this study. APE was diagnosed by computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) or ventilation-perfusion pulmonary scintigraphy. Transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) parameters and clinical parameters within 48 h of onset were collected. All the patients were treated with standard anticoagulation, thrombolysis, or thrombectomy. Regular follow-up was carried out, with the average follow-up period of (7.20±1.04) years. The patients were divided into survival group and fatal group according to their follow-up results. The echocardiographic parameters and primary biochemical laboratory parameters within 48 h after onset were compared between the survival group and the fatal group by t test or χ 2 test. Cox regression analysis was conducted to analyze the influencing factors of long-term prognosis of patients with APE. Survival analysis was performed in patients with echocardiographic assessment of right ventricular (RV) enlargement and/or dysfunction and without RV enlargement and/or dysfunction by Kaplan-Meier method, and the survival curves were plotted. The comparison between the two groups was performed by log-rank test. Results:The average follow-up period was (7.20±1.04) years. Fourteen patients were lost in the follow-up, and 95 patients were included in the final analysis, among whom 58 survived and 37 died with a fatality rate of 39.0%. Cox regression analysis showed that age ( HR=2.32, 95% CI:1.31-4.13, P=0.004), malignancy ( HR=6.49, 95% CI:2.32-18.14, P<0.001), right atrial (RA)/left atrial (LA) area ratio ( HR=2.01, 95% CI:1.16-3.48, P=0.013), RV enlargement and/or dysfunction ( HR=5.90, 95% CI: 1.45-23.94, P=0.013), Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score ( HR=1.75, 95% CI: 1.04-2.96, P=0.035), low oxygen saturation ( HR=1.70, 95% CI:1.14-2.53, P=0.009) were independent risk factors associated with long-term mortality in patients with APE. Kaplan Meier survival curve analysis showed that the cumulative survival rates of patients with RV enlargement and/or dysfunction at 1, 3, 5 and 7 years were 92.8%, 66.7%, 59.4% and 52.2% respectively, and those without RV enlargement and/or dysfunction were 96.2%, 92.3%, 84.6% and 84.6%,respectively (log rank test, P=0.006). Conclusions:Patients with APE have high long-term mortality. Early echocardiographic RV enlargement and/or dysfunction, RA/LA area ratio, age, malignant tumor, CCI score and low oxygen saturation are independent risk factors related to long-term mortality in patients with APE. Ultrasound evaluation of patients with RV enlargement and/or dysfunction has a certain value in predicting long-term mortality in patients with pulmonary embolism.

Role of exosomes in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 临床肝胆病杂志

With the increasing incidence rates of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, the incidence rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has also gradually increased year by year. NAFLD has complex underlying pathogeneses which have not yet been fully clarified. As the carrier of intercellular communication, exosomes play an important role in the development and progression of liver diseases. This article summarizes the mechanism of action of exosomes in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and their effect on lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, liver inflammation, and fibrosis, and it is pointed out that exosomes have great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, which will be the focus of future research.

Role of exosomes in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease / 临床肝胆病杂志

With the increasing incidence rates of metabolic diseases such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, the incidence rate of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has also gradually increased year by year. NAFLD has complex underlying pathogeneses which have not yet been fully clarified. As the carrier of intercellular communication, exosomes play an important role in the development and progression of liver diseases. This article summarizes the mechanism of action of exosomes in the pathogenesis of NAFLD and their effect on lipid metabolism, insulin resistance, liver inflammation, and fibrosis, and it is pointed out that exosomes have great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases, which will be the focus of future research.

Analysis of hydroxylation and O-glycosylation on lysine sites in deer-hide gelatin / 中国中药杂志

Nano-LC MS/MS was used to analyze trypsin digested deer-hide gelatin(DHG) samples, hydroxylation and O-glycosylation on lysine sites of DHG were comprehensive identified by using PEAKS Studio software. The sites, sorts and amounts of hydroxylation and O-glycosylation on Type Ⅰ collagen α1 chain(COL1 A1) and α2 chain(COL1 A2) of DHG were revealed. As a result, 5 284 peptides were identified from DHG samples, which were mainly from COL1 A1 and COL1 A2. Among these peptides, there were 449 peptides with hydroxylysine, 442 with galactosyl-hydroxylysine, 449 with glucosyl-galactosyl-hydroxylysine. The major modified sites of hydroxylation and O-glycosylation in DHG were shown as follow: α1-9 N and α2-5 N in N-telopeptides, α1-87, α1-174, α1-930, α2-87, α2-174, α2-933 in triple helix domain, and α1-16 C in C-telopeptides. These hydroxylation and O-glycosylation were correlated with the formation and stability of collagen molecules and collagen fibrils. It is feasible for the collagens and peptides dissolving from deer skin collagen fibrils under high temperature and pressure decocting, high temperature and pressure also might destroy inter-molecular covalent cross-linking and help those glycol-peptides formations. The present study provided ideas and strategies for the in-depth investigation on DHG chemical constituents, and showed good theoretical significance and application value.

Enlightenment of COVID-19 epidemic on function and layout of China-Africa friendship hospital: from global health governance perspective / 中华医院管理杂志

The globalized epidemic of the COVID-19 forced the international community to reconsider the importance and urgency of global public health in world peace and development. The authors analyzed the COVID-19 epidemic prevention and control situation in Africa, and discussed the functions and layout of China-Africa friendship hospitals from the perspective of global health governance. It was suggested that the functions of China-Africa friendship hospitals should be positioned as the high-level medical centers in Africa, regional medical and disease control linkage centers, regional health technology training centers, regional telemedicine collaboration center, and regional health policy research center.Furthermore, the layout of China-Africa friendship hospitals should respond to China′s assistance in the construction of Africa′s center for disease control and China-Africa′s cooperation plan for promoting the " one belt and one road" construction, and work together with the medical team to build a new pattern of medical integration and health care system for African disease prevention and control and medical treatment.

Ultrasound-guided two-point block of transverse abdominal muscle plane in high-risk elderly patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair / 中华普通外科杂志

Objective:To investigate the effect of ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block combined with iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal TAP block in high-risk elderly patients undergoing inguinal hernia repair.Methods:Sixty male patients undergoing elective inguinal hernia repair, aged ≥70 years, BMI 18-23 kg/m 2, ASAⅢ-Ⅳ grade, were randomly divided into two groups: ultrasound-guided lateral TAP block combined with iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal TAP block group (combined group) and lateral TAP block group (lateral group), with 30 cases in each group. In the combined group, the injection concentration of 0.375% ropivacaine 20 ml was at the iliohypogastric/ilioinguinal TAP puncture site and the lateral TAP puncture site was also 20 ml, and the lateral group only injected 0.375% 20 ml at the lateral TAP puncture site. The Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) of the two groups were compared at surgical skin incision (T 1), opening of external oblique aponeurosis (T 2), free hernia sac (T 3), separation of preperitoneal space and patch placement (T 4), suture of transverse abdominal fascia (T 5), suture of external oblique abdominal aponeurosis (T 6) and skin incision are closed (T 7); The VAS were compared during rest and activity at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours after surgery. The cumulative consumption of relief analgesics was compared. Results:Compared with the lateral group, the VAS of the combined group during T 3-T 5 was significantly lower ( P<0.05). The VAS score at 4, 6 and 8 hours after operation in the combined group was also significantly lower ( P<0.05). There was no statistical significance in VAS score at rest between the two groups 24 h after operation ( P>0.05). The cumulative consumption of relief analgesics in the combined group was lower ( P<0.05). The difference of adverse events between the two groups was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). Conclusion:In high-risk elderly patients, ultrasound-guided transverse abdominal muscle plane two-point block can be used as a safe alternative method of intraoperative analgesia.

The anti-neoplastic activities of aloperine in HeLa cervical cancer cells are associated with inhibition of the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3 feedback loop / 中国天然药物

Cervical cancer (CC) is recognized as the most common neoplasm in the female reproductive system worldwide. The lack of chemotherapeutic agents with outstanding effectiveness and safety severely compromises the anti-cipated prognosis of patients. Aloperine (ALO) is a natural quinolizidine alkaloid with marked anti-cancer effects on multiple malignancies as well as favorable activity in relieving inflammation, allergies and infection. However, its therapeutic efficacy and underlying mechanism in CC are still unclear. In the current study, MTT assay was employed to evaluate the viability of HeLa cells exposed to ALO to preliminarily estimate the effectiveness of ALO in CC. Then, the effects of ALO on the proliferation and apoptosis of HeLa cells were further investigated by plate colony formation and flow cytometry, respectively, while the migration and invasion of ALO-treated HeLa cells were evaluated using Transwell assay. Moreover, nude mice were subcutaneously inoculated with HeLa cells to demonstrate the anti-CC properties of ALO in vivo. The molecular mechanisms underlying these effects of ALO were evaluated by Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis. This study experimentally demonstrated that ALO inhibited the proliferation of HeLa cells via G2 phase cell cycle arrest. Simultaneously, ALO promoted an increase in the percentage of apoptotic HeLa cells by increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Additionally, the migration and invasion of HeLa cells were attenuated by ALO treatment, which was considered to result from inhibition of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. For molecular mechanisms, the expression and activation of the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3 feedback loop were markedly suppressed by ALO treatment. This study indicated that ALO markedly suppresses the proliferation, migration and invasion and enhances the apoptosis of HeLa cells. In addition, these prominent anti-CC properties of ALO are associated with repression of the IL-6-JAK1-STAT3 feedback loop.

Comparative analysis of chemical constituents of deer hide and deer hide gelatin by "peptidomics-modifications" methods / 药学学报

Collagen is the main constituent of gelatinous Chinese medicine, with deer hide gelatin (Cervi Corii Colla, DHG) made from deer hide (DH) through a complex thermal and high-pressure processing procedure. During this procedure some amino acids in collagen undergo hydroxylation and deamidation. In the present study, comparative analysis of proteins and peptides in DH and DHG was carried out using "peptidomics-modifications" methods. Nano-LC-MS/MS was used to analyze proteins and peptides in DH and DHG, and the number and sites of modification were determined as well. The amount of hydroxylation and deamidation that occurred in DHG was significantly greater than that in DH, suggesting that under thermal and high-pressure processing these modifications occurred more frequently on certain amino acids in collagen, and might be correlated with hydrophobicity. The occurrence and mechanism of hydroxylation and deamidation in DH processing procedures should be explored in further research. The present study provides important evidence of the chemical constituents and the correlation of processing procedures with these modifications, and also suggests some investigative ideas for DHG processing optimization and improvement of quality standards.

Herbalogical study on Cervi Colla / 中国中药杂志

Cervi Colla, deer's gelatin, had two kinds of original sources historically, including the skin and antler of deer, known as Cervi Corii Colla(Lupijiao, LPJ) and Cervi Cornus Colla(Lujiaojiao, LJJ) respectively.LJJ is the mainstream of the market, while LPJ is only used by common people in Guizhou and Jilin etc. This article sorted out the ancient and modern literature(since Rites of the Zhou in Zhou Dynasty) on Cervi Colla and conducted the herbalogical study. The results of the study include:① In ancient China, there were six types of commonly-used Colla derived from six animals, including deer, horse, cow, rat, fish and rhinoceros. Cervi Colla was ranked the most top among them, and it was often used as adhesive to make bow and Chinese inksticks and more commonly used as a medicine.Cervi Cornus Colla was first described as a medicinal by the name "Bai Jiao"(white gelatin)in The Divine Husbandman's Classic of Material Medica(Shen Nong Ben Cao Jing).② Initially, both the skin and antler were used as raw materials to make Cervi Colla, but antler became the only raw material, and deer skin disappeared from the mainstream of raw materials for Cervi Colla. This can be attributed to other diverse and luxurious uses of the skin, such as making dress and hats, etc., and the easy accessibility of deer antlers. ③ The sources of Cervi Colla were not limited to Cervus elaphus(red deer) or C. nippon(sika deer), and it also included animal from the family Cervidae, such as Elaphurus davidianus(elk) and C. unicolor(sambar). ④ The processing method was passed down from ancient times to the present, and no significant changes had occurred. ⑤ LPJ and LJJ had many similar effects, and their nature was both warm. The effect of LJJ was to warm the liver and kidney, replenish vital essence and blood, and to reinforce Yang. While the effect of LPJ was to reinforce both Yin and Yang, replenish blood, and stop bleeding. It has a unique advantage for both reinforcing Yin and Yang. The findings of this paper can provide support for the promotion of LPJ and the development of its medicinal value.

Intervention effect of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai from 2016 to 2018 / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the general situation, smoking status, smoking cessation status and one-month follow-up examination in Shanghai, providing scientific basis for further effective development of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai. Methods A total of 841 smokers who visited the smoking cessation clinic from 2016 to 2018 were investigated and 725 patients were followed up one month later.The data thus obtained were analyzed by SPSS software. Results In general, of the visiting patients in 2018, 91.3% were male, 50.6% were 35-55 years old, 57.1% had educational background in primary school or below, and 60.2% were employees of enterprises, businesses and service industries.In terms of smoking, 44.1% of the patients smoked 10-20 cigarettes a day, 34.6% smoked for 10-20 years, and 38.6% smoked the first cigarette within 5 minutes after getting up.With regards to the situation of smoking cessation, 72.1% of the patients tried to quit smoking before going to the clinic; 14.8% of the patients used electronic cigarettes to help quit smoking; 33.9% learned about the smoking cessation clinic through the doctors; 61.4% decided to quit smoking because they were concerned about their health and the health of their family members.According to the follow-up, the rate of quitting smoking in one month in 2018 was 48.8%;44.0% of the patients believed that their own determination was the key to quit smoking; 46.2% of the patients who failed to quit smoking believed that if they tried to quit smoking again, the biggest obstacle was the onset of smoking addiction. Conclusion The establishment of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai can help patients quit smoking.However, there are still some problems in this regard.In view of the characteristics of the patients going to the smoking cessation clinic, we should find out the weaknesses in the propaganda of the smoking cessation clinic in time.For example, it is found that there are fewer smoking women, less educated and less farmers visiting the clinic; according to the smoking situation of the patients, we should clearly focus on updating the service quality of the smoking cessation clinic; proceeding from the follow-up situation, we should find out the the approach to the construction and perfection of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai.

One-year intervention effect on smoking cessation contest among government functionaries in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To evaluate the 1-year follow-up effect of smoking cessation contest among government functionaries in Shanghai in 2015, providing evidence and basis for the effective intervention of smoking cessation. Methods A case-control study design was used for those who had quit smoking periodically, and their 1-year smoking cessation situation was investigated. Results At the 1-year follow-up after the contest, the relapse rate was 19.70%, of which 79.49% occurred within 2 months after quitting smoking.The main causes of relapse were the peer pressure and attack of smoking addiction. Conclusion After the smoking cessation contest, the 1-year follow-up relapse rate is at a low level, which indicates the contest among government functionaries in Shanghai in 2015 is effective.Education level is found to be a risk factor for relapse.

Impact of tobacco awareness on tobacco susceptibility among junior middle school students in Shanghai / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the tobacco cognitive status and factors associated with susceptibility to smoking among junior middle school students in Shanghai. Methods A total of 3 155 middle school students selected from 8 surveillance sites in Shanghai City, through multi-stage stratified cluster sampling were investigated with self-filling questionnaires.Data were analyzed by using the complex survey module of SPSS 22.0 after it was weighted. Results The rate of those thinking that smoking would make him/her comfortable, feeling smoking attractive, feeing hard to quit smoking, considering secondhand smoke (SHS) exposure harmful to health was 5.1%, 8.2%, 34.1%, 83.2%, respectively.In those who had never been exposed to tobacco, their rate of susceptibility to smoking was 7.0%, which was higher in boys (8.6%) than in girls (5.4%)(P=0.005).Those who reported SHS exposure at home, at school, on public transport had higher susceptibility to smoking than non-exposed ones.Mother smoking(OR=2.567, 95%CI:1.394-4.725), close friends smoking(OR=2.596, 95%CI:1.336-5.046) were the risk factors for susceptibility to smoking.Anti-tobacco media exposure and feeling smoking less attractive were protective factors correspondingly. Conclusion It is suggested that school based intervention measures should integrate both self-perception and social environmental factors to prevent tobacco exposure among youths in future.

Intervention effect of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai from 2016 to 2018 / 上海预防医学

Objective To investigate the general situation, smoking status, smoking cessation status and one-month follow-up examination in Shanghai, providing scientific basis for further effective development of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai. Methods A total of 841 smokers who visited the smoking cessation clinic from 2016 to 2018 were investigated and 725 patients were followed up one month later.The data thus obtained were analyzed by SPSS software. Results In general, of the visiting patients in 2018, 91.3% were male, 50.6% were 35-55 years old, 57.1% had educational background in primary school or below, and 60.2% were employees of enterprises, businesses and service industries.In terms of smoking, 44.1% of the patients smoked 10-20 cigarettes a day, 34.6% smoked for 10-20 years, and 38.6% smoked the first cigarette within 5 minutes after getting up.With regards to the situation of smoking cessation, 72.1% of the patients tried to quit smoking before going to the clinic; 14.8% of the patients used electronic cigarettes to help quit smoking; 33.9% learned about the smoking cessation clinic through the doctors; 61.4% decided to quit smoking because they were concerned about their health and the health of their family members.According to the follow-up, the rate of quitting smoking in one month in 2018 was 48.8%;44.0% of the patients believed that their own determination was the key to quit smoking; 46.2% of the patients who failed to quit smoking believed that if they tried to quit smoking again, the biggest obstacle was the onset of smoking addiction. Conclusion The establishment of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai can help patients quit smoking.However, there are still some problems in this regard.In view of the characteristics of the patients going to the smoking cessation clinic, we should find out the weaknesses in the propaganda of the smoking cessation clinic in time.For example, it is found that there are fewer smoking women, less educated and less farmers visiting the clinic; according to the smoking situation of the patients, we should clearly focus on updating the service quality of the smoking cessation clinic; proceeding from the follow-up situation, we should find out the the approach to the construction and perfection of smoking cessation clinics in Shanghai.