Management strategies for congenital isolated hydronephrosis and the natural course of the disease

Congenital isolated hydronephrosis encompasses a spectrum of physiologic states that spontaneously resolve and pathologic obstruction that necessitates surgical intervention. Distinguishing patients whose condition will resolve, those who will require stringent follow-up, and those who will eventually need surgical intervention present a challenge to clinicians, particularly because no unified guidelines for assessment and follow-up have been established. The recognition of the natural course and prognosis of hydronephrosis and a comprehensive understanding of the currently proposed consensus guidelines may aid in multidisciplinary treatment and in providing proper counseling to caregivers. In this review, we aimed to summarize the literature on the grading systems and management strategies for congenital isolated hydronephrosis.

Pubertal outcomes and sex of rearing of patients with ovotesticular disorder of sex development and mixed gonadal dysgenesis

PURPOSE: Patients with ovotesticular disorder of sex development (DSD) and mixed gonadal dysgenesis (MGD) usually present with asymmetric gonads and have wide phenotypic variations in internal and external genitalia. The differential diagnosis of these conditions is based on karyotype and pathological findings of the gonads. This study investigated the clinical features at presentation, karyotype, sex of rearing, and pubertal outcomes of patients with ovotesticular DSD and MGD.METHODS: The study comprised 23 patients with DSD who presented with asymmetric gonads. The presenting features, karyotype, sex of rearing, and pubertal outcomes were reviewed retrospectively.RESULTS: All 23 patients presented with ambiguous genitalia at a median age of 1 month (range, 1 day–1.6 years). Müllerian duct remnants were identified in 15 of 23 patients (65.2%). Fourteen patients were diagnosed with ovotesticular DSD, whereas the other 9 were diagnosed with MGD. Eight of 14 patients (57.1%) with ovotesticular DSD were raised as males, while 7 of 9 patients with MGD (77.8%) were assigned as males. One male-assigned patient with ovotesticular DSD changed to female sex at age 20 years.CONCLUSION: Patients with ovotesticular DSD and MGD manifest overlapping clinical presentations and hormonal profiles. It is difficult to determine the sex of rearing and predict long-term pubertal outcomes. Therefore, long-term follow-up is required to monitor spontaneous puberty, sex outcome, and urological and gynecological complications.

Clinicopathological Characteristics of Urinary Bladder Tumors in Korean Patients 20 Years or Younger

BACKGROUND: To investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of urinary bladder tumors, a rare malignancy, in patients 20 years or younger. METHODS: Using a retrospective chart review among patients who received bladder surgery at 2 institutions between July 1996 and January 2013, we analyzed the clinicopathological characteristics of urinary bladder tumors in 21 pediatric patients (male:female = 4.25:1.00; mean age, 12.1 years). RESULTS: Pathology revealed 9 urothelial tumors, 6 rhabdomyosarcomas, 1 low-grade leiomyosarcoma, 1 large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, 1 inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor, and 3 cases of chronic inflammation without tumors (including 1 xanthogranulomatous inflammation). Urothelial tumors (mean patient age, 16.0 years) were benign or low-grade; and only transurethral resection of the bladder tumor was necessary for treatment. Patients with rhabdomyosarcomas (mean age, 5 years) underwent radiotherapy (if unresectable) or transurethral resection of the bladder tumor (if resectable), after chemotherapy. Of these patients, 2 underwent radical cystectomy, with the remaining patients not receiving a cystectomy. With the exception of one patient, all patients are currently alive and recurrence-free. CONCLUSION: Urothelial tumors were the most commonly found pediatric bladder tumor, with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma being the second most common. Urothelial tumors are common in relatively older age. Since urothelial tumors in children typically have a good prognosis and rarely recur, transurethral resection of the bladder tumor is the treatment of choice. Rhabdomyosarcomas are common in younger patients. Since rhabdomyosarcoma is generally chemosensitive, chemotherapy and radiotherapy are the treatment of choice for bladder preservation in these patients.

Long-term Outcomes of Endoscopic Anti-reflux Surgery in Pediatric Patients with Vesicoureteral Reflux: Urinary Tract Infection, Renal Scarring, and Predictive Factors for Success

BACKGROUND: To report the long-term outcomes of endoscopic surgery (ES) in pediatric patients with vesicoureteral reflux in terms of success rate, urinary tract infection, and renal function. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 73 pediatric patients (110 ureters) who underwent ES for vesicoureteral reflux. Ultrasonography was performed 1, 3, and 12 months postoperatively. Voiding cystourethrography was performed 3 months postoperatively and repeated after 1 year if vesicoureteral reflux persisted. Success was defined as the absence of reflux at the first voiding cystourethrography. Renal scans were performed at least 12 months postoperatively. Renal function deterioration was defined as a new scar or a greater than 5% decrease in function. RESULTS: The median follow-up duration was 24 (12–118) months. The overall success was 65.6%, while it was 78.9%, 87.0%, 62.5%, 37.5%, 66.7% for grades I, II, III, IV, and V, respectively. In multivariate analyses, significant predictive factors for success were vesicoureteral reflux grade (odds ratio [OR], 0.28; P < 0.001) and mound detection at the first postoperative ultrasonography (OR, 13.53; P < 0.001). Renal function deterioration was found in 8 (15.3%) ureters and was less common in those with successful surgeries than in those with failures (9.5% vs. 40.0%; P = 0.035). No significant predictive factor for renal function deterioration or urinary tract infection was found. CONCLUSION: Successful short-term outcomes of ES are expected in low-grade vesicoureteral reflux, especially when a mound is detected by postoperative ultrasonography. However, unpredictable long-term renal deterioration warrants continued follow-up.

Changes of calcific density in pediatric patients with testicular microlithiasis

PURPOSE: Testicular microlithiasis (TM) is a relatively rare clinical entity of controversial significance characterized by the existence of hydroxyapatite microliths located in the seminiferous tubules. The aim of this study was to observe the natural course of changes in the calcific density of pediatric TM. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included a total of 23 TM patients undergoing scrotal ultrasound (US) on at least two occasions from July 1997 to August 2014. We retrospectively analyzed the patient characteristics, clinical manifestations, specific pathological features, and clinical outcomes. We measured the calcified area and compared the calcific density between the initial and final USs. RESULTS: The mean age at diagnosis was 11.3+/-4.6 years, and the follow-up period was 79.1+/-38.8 months (range, 25.4-152.9 months). During the follow-up period, no patients developed testicular cancer. Calcific density on US was increased in the last versus the initial US, but not to a statistically significant degree (3.74%+/-6.0% vs. 3.06%+/-4.38%, respectively, p=0.147). When we defined groups with increased and decreased calcification, we found that diffuse TM was categorized into the increased group to a greater degree than focal TM (10/20 vs. 4/23, respectively, p=0.049). In addition, five of eight cases of cryptorchidism (including two cases of bilateral cryptorchidism) were categorized in the increased calcification group. CONCLUSIONS: Diffuse TM and cryptorchidism tend to increase calcific density. Close observation is therefore recommended for cases of TM combined with cryptorchidism and cases of diffuse TM.

Erratum: Efficacy and Tolerability of Anticholinergics in Korean Children with Overactive Bladder: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

We made a mistake in our recently published article.

Current Status of Robot-Assisted Laparoscopic Surgery in Pediatric Urology

Laparoscopic procedures for urological diseases in children have been proven to be safe and effective. However, the availability of laparoscopic procedures is still partly limited to experienced, high-volume centers because the procedures are technically demanding. The da Vinci robot system is being used for an increasing variety of reconstructive procedures because of the advantages of this approach, such as motion scaling, greater optical magnification, stereoscopic vision, increased instrument tip dexterity, and tremor filtration. Particularly in pediatric urologic surgery, where the operational field is limited owing to the small abdominal cavity of children, robotic surgical technology has its own strengths. Currently, robots are used to perform most surgeries in children that can be performed laparoscopically. In this review, we aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the current role of robot-assisted laparoscopic surgery in Pediatric Urology by analyzing the published data in this field. A growing body of evidence supports the view that robotic technology is technically feasible and safe in pediatric urological surgery. Robotic technology provides additional benefits for performing reconstructive urologic surgery, such as in pyeloplasty, ureteral reimplantation, and enterocystoplasty procedures. The main limitations to robotic surgery are its high purchase and maintenance costs and that the cost-effectiveness of this technology remains to be validated.

Urothelial Tumors of the Urinary Bladder in Two Adolescent Patients: Emphasis on Follow-up Methods

Here we describe two cases of papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential in adolescent boys. One case was a 16-year-old boy with a polypoid mass beside the right ureteral orifice and the other case was a 13-year-old boy with a papillary mass beside the left ureteral orifice. The initial presentation was hematuria in both cases and the bladder mass was detected by ultrasonography. Complete resection of the bladder tumor was performed by using an 11-Fr pediatric resectoscope. Follow-up has been performed with urine analysis, urine cytology, and bladder ultrasonography or cystoscopy every 3 months with no evidence of recurrence.

Efficacy, Tolerability, and Safety of Oxybutynin Chloride in Pediatric Neurogenic Bladder With Spinal Dysraphism: A Retrospective, Multicenter, Observational Study

PURPOSE: Anticholinergics are a key element in treating neurogenic detrusor overactivity, but only limited data are available in the pediatric population, thus limiting the application to children even for oxybutynin chloride (OC), a prototype drug. This retrospective study was designed to provide data regarding the efficacy, tolerability, and safety of OC in the pediatric population (0-15 years old) with spinal dysraphism (SD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Records relevant to OC use for neurogenic bladder were gathered and scrutinized from four specialized clinics for pediatric urology. The primary efficacy outcomes were maximal cystometric capacity (MCC) and end filling pressure (EFP). Data on tolerability, compliance, and adverse events (AEs) were also analyzed. RESULTS: Of the 121 patient records analyzed, 41 patients (34%) received OC at less than 5 years of age. The range of prescribed doses varied from 3 to 24 mg/d. The median treatment duration was 19 months (range, 0.3-111 months). Significant improvement of both primary efficacy outcomes was noted following OC treatment. MCC increased about 8% even after adjustment for age-related increases in MCC. Likewise, mean EFP was reduced from 33 to 21 cm H2O. More than 80% of patients showed compliance above 70%, and approximately 50% of patients used OC for more than 1 year. No serious AEs were reported; constipation and facial flushing consisted of the major AEs. CONCLUSIONS: OC is safe and efficacious in treating pediatric neurogenic bladder associated with SD. The drug is also tolerable and the safety profile suggests that adjustment of dosage for age may not be strictly observed.

Efficacy and Tolerability of Anticholinergics in Korean Children with Overactive Bladder: A Multicenter Retrospective Study

We investigated the efficacy and tolerability of various anticholinergics in Korean children with non-neurogenic overactive bladder (OAB). A total of 326 children (males:females= 157:169) aged under 18 yr (mean age 7.3+/-2.6 yr) who were diagnosed with OAB from 2008 to 2011 were retrospectively reviewed. The mean duration of OAB symptoms before anticholinergic treatment was 16.9+/-19.0 months. The mean duration of medication was 5.6+/-7.3 months. Urgency urinary incontinence episodes per week decreased from 1.9+/-3.1 to 0.4+/-1.5 times (P<0.001). The median voiding frequency during daytime was decreased from 9.2+/-5.4 to 6.3+/-4.2 times (P<0.001). According to 3-day voiding diaries, the maximum and average bladder capacity were increased from 145.5+/-66.9 to 196.8+/-80.3 mL and from 80.8+/-39.6 to 121.8+/-56.5 mL, respectively (P<0.001). On uroflowmetry, maximum flow rate was increased from 17.6+/-8.4 to 20.5+/-8.2 mL/sec (P<0.001). Adverse effects were reported in 14 (4.3%) children and six children (1.8%) discontinued medication due to adverse effects. Our results indicate that anticholinergics are effective to improve OAB symptoms and tolerability was acceptable without severe complications in children.

Magnification-Assisted Subinguinal Varicocelectomy with Testicular Delivery in Children: A Preliminary Report

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of magnification-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy (MASV) with testicular delivery in children with severe varicocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 23 children 15 years or younger (mean age, 12.3+/-1.8 years) who underwent MASV with testicular delivery and ligation of all collateral veins except arteries and deferential veins between January 2010 and January 2014. All patients had grade 3 varicocele on the left side. Varicocelectomy was decided upon due to scrotal hypotrophy (n=14, 60.9%), the existence of mass (n=6, 26.1%, including 1 recurrent case), and discomfort (n=3, 13.0%). The preservation of internal spermatic artery (ISA) was successful in 8 patients (34.8%). The mean follow-up time was 10.8+/-6.6 months. RESULTS: The surgical success rate of varicocelectomy was 100%. The overall symptom resolution rate was 91.3%. The scrotal mass and discomfort disappeared, but testicular catch-up growth did not occur in 2 among 14 patients with scrotal hypotrophy. The left testis volume increased from 6.5+/-4.3 mL to 10.6+/-7.5 mL (p=0.003). There were no significant inter-group differences in terms of the surgical success rate, symptom resolution, and catch-up growth between the ISA preservation group and the ligation group. None of the subjects demonstrated testicular atrophy or hydrocele after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: MASV with testicular delivery is an effective and safe method for children with severe varicocele.

Magnification-Assisted Subinguinal Varicocelectomy with Testicular Delivery in Children: A Preliminary Report

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effectiveness of magnification-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy (MASV) with testicular delivery in children with severe varicocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 23 children 15 years or younger (mean age, 12.3+/-1.8 years) who underwent MASV with testicular delivery and ligation of all collateral veins except arteries and deferential veins between January 2010 and January 2014. All patients had grade 3 varicocele on the left side. Varicocelectomy was decided upon due to scrotal hypotrophy (n=14, 60.9%), the existence of mass (n=6, 26.1%, including 1 recurrent case), and discomfort (n=3, 13.0%). The preservation of internal spermatic artery (ISA) was successful in 8 patients (34.8%). The mean follow-up time was 10.8+/-6.6 months. RESULTS: The surgical success rate of varicocelectomy was 100%. The overall symptom resolution rate was 91.3%. The scrotal mass and discomfort disappeared, but testicular catch-up growth did not occur in 2 among 14 patients with scrotal hypotrophy. The left testis volume increased from 6.5+/-4.3 mL to 10.6+/-7.5 mL (p=0.003). There were no significant inter-group differences in terms of the surgical success rate, symptom resolution, and catch-up growth between the ISA preservation group and the ligation group. None of the subjects demonstrated testicular atrophy or hydrocele after surgery. CONCLUSIONS: MASV with testicular delivery is an effective and safe method for children with severe varicocele.

Pediatric Urolithiasis: Our 22-year Experience at a Single Center

PURPOSE: Pediatric urolithiasis is uncommon in children but is a cause of significant morbidity and damage to the kidney. Although much information on adult urolithiasis is available in the literature, large studies on the pediatric population are still scarce. In this report, we review our experience with pediatric urolithiasis over 22 years at a tertiary referral center. METHOD: We retrospectively reviewed the records of children with newly diagnosed urolithiasis between January 1991 and May 2013. We assessed the age, sex, family history, initial symptoms, location of stones, underlying cause, stone analysis, treatment, and recurrence among the patients. RESULTS: In total, 137 patients (96 male, 41 female) were assessed. The age range was 0-17 years (mean age, 6.0 years). Forty-three (31%) children were aged <1 year, and 37% (16/43) had a history of intensive care unit (ICU) admission. Thirteen patients (9.5%) had a family history of stones. The most common symptoms at presentation among the patients were gross hematuria (56/137, 41%) and flank or abdominal pain (46/137, 34%). The stones were located in the kidney (85/137, 62%), ureter (29/137, 21%), bladder (2/137, 1.4%), and multiple locations (20/137, 15 %). Congenital abnormalities of the genitourinary (G-U) tract, with or without metabolic abnormality, or urinary tract infection (UTI) was detected in 26 children (19%). Ninety-one patients (66%) underwent metabolic examination, and 38% of these patients exhibited an abnormality. UTI, with or without abnormalities of the G-U tract, or metabolic abnormality was detected in 26 children (19%). Of the 35 stones analyzed, the majority were calcium stones (20/35, 57%), followed by infected stones (5/35, 14%), uric acid stones (4/35, 11%), carbonate apatite stones (3/35, 7%), cystine stones (2/35, 6%), and phosphate stones (1/35, 3%). Five patients (4%) required open procedures, with or without non-open procedures, whereas 77 patients (56%) were managed conservatively; the remaining 55 patients (40%) received some other form of intervention. Eighteen patients (13%) had stone recurrence during the follow-up period. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric urolithiasis is commonly associated with abnormalities of the G-U tract and/or metabolic disorders and/or UTI. Half of the patients will pass their stones spontaneously, and all the techniques of minimally invasive surgery are applicable in the treatment of children with stones. As the recurrence rates are high among this population, long-term follow-up is recommended and the complete clearance of stones is important.

Disorders of Sex Development

The birth of a new baby is one of the most dramatic events in a family, and the first question is usually "is it a boy or a girl?" The newborn infant with ambiguous external genitalia often comes as a surprise for the doctors as well as the parents and is sometimes described as an endocrine emergency situation presenting a problem of sex assignment. The nomenclature such as 'intersex', 'hermaphrodite', and 'pseudohermaphrodite' is out of date as well as confusing, and many urologists are concerned that these confusing terms could be perceived to be pejorative by some affected families. In response to concerns regarding outdated and controversial terms, the Chicago Consensus held in 2005 recommended new terminology based on the umbrella term disorders of sex differentiation (DSDs). The term DSD has a comprehensive definition including any problem noted at birth in which the genitalia are atypical in relation to the chromosomes or gonads. The karyotype is used as a prefix defining the classification of DSD. DSDs are rare and complex. The optimal management of patients with DSD must be individualized and multidisciplinary, considering all aspects, including psychological care and full disclosure of alternatives relating to surgery type and timing. Although further studies are necessary to confirm guidelines and recommendations fitting for the individual patients with DSD, this article is an attempt to provide a balanced perspective for new taxonomy, clinical evaluation, and medical, surgical, and psychological management of DSD.

Comparison of Surgical Outcomes between Dismembered Pyeloplasty with or without Ureteral Stenting in Children with Ureteropelvic Junction Obstruction

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of temporary internal ureteral stents on the surgical outcomes of dismembered pyeloplasty in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The medical records of 70 children (76 renal units) who underwent dismembered pyeloplasty for ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) obstruction at at Asan Medical Center between January 2005 and December 2010 were retrospectively reviewed. We classified the renal units into the stented group (22 renal units) and the nonstented group (54 renal units). Fifty-four of 70 patients were male and their mean age was 2.2+/-3.8 years old. The mean follow-up period was 29.6+/-16.8 months. RESULTS: Sixty-four children had unilateral UPJ obstruction. The mean stent duration was 31.9 days. As shown by evaluation of radiologic images, there were no significant differences between the stented group and the nonstented group during the follow-up period (p>0.05). The mean preoperative and postoperative anteroposterior pelvic diameters (APPDs) of the nonstented group were 31.3 mm and 15.1 mm, respectively (p<0.001). The preoperative and postoperative grades of hydronephrosis were 3.9 and 2.9, respectively (p=0.037). The mean preoperative and postoperative APPDs of the stented group were 36.4 mm and 15.6 mm, respectively (p<0.001). The preoperative and postoperative grades of hydronephrosis were 4 and 3.1, respectively (p<0.001). Repeat obstruction was shown in 4 subjects as a postoperative complication (5.7%). Two children from each group had recurrent UPJ obstruction, with percentages of 3.7% and 9%, respectively (p=0.575). CONCLUSIONS: In a comparison of nonstented and stented groups during pediatric dismembered pyeloplasty for UPJ obstruction, no significant differences were found in the resolution of hydronephrosis or overall postoperative complications.

Recurrent Varicoceles: Causes and Treatment Using Angiography and Magnification Assisted Subinguinal Varicocelectomy

PURPOSE: To investigate the causes of varicocele recurrence and assess the use of embolization and subinguinal varicocelectomy in its treatment in patients with angiography and subinguinal varicocelectomy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The present study involved 15 patients with recurrent varicoceles. The mean patient age was 21.2 years (range: 12-42 years). Preoperative angiography was performed in 11 patients. Embolization was used in patients with patent internal spermatic veins (ISVs). Patients without patent ISVs or preoperative angiography underwent magnification-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy which included testicular retrieval and ligation of all collateral veins except arteries and deferential veins. RESULTS: Seven among 11 patients (64%) which had preoperative angiography had patent ISVs and underwent embolization and 8 patients underwent subinguinal varicocelectomy. Of those 8 patients, 6 had dilated ISVs and external spermatic veins (ESVs), one had dilated ISVs and gubernacular veins, and one had dilated ISVs, ESVs and gubernacular veins. No patient experienced recurrence or testis atrophy. CONCLUSION: Patent ISVs or collateral veins may be the cause of recurrence after varicocelectomy. Angiographic embolization was successful in 64% of recurrent varicoceles patients with patent ISVs. However, microscope-assisted subinguinal varicocelectomy may be the best overall treatment for patients with recurrent varicoceles.

Change in Penile Length in Children: Preliminary Study

PURPOSE: Studies of penile length in children have been rarely conducted. In Korea, great improvements in height and weight have been observed because of economic development over the past 25 years. We investigated the current status of penile length in Korean children and compared the results with those of a previous Korean study conducted in 1987. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The subjects in this study were 233 boys aged 1 to 158 months, each of whom had been brought to outpatient clinics between April and October 2011. Penile length was measured according to the stretched penile length (SPL) technique; testicular size was measured (in ml) by using orchidometry. A comparison of penile lengths between the current study and the 1987 study was made by using Student's t-test. RESULTS: SPL increased significantly by 0.7 to 1.1 cm in most age groups (p<0.05). Current anthropometric measures of Korean children such as height, body weight, and testicular size have increased compared with those from 1987. CONCLUSIONS: Penile length has increased significantly over the last quarter century. Therefore, it is suggested that novel reference values for penile length in prepubertal Korean children be determined in studies with a larger community-based population in order to diagnose and treat size-related penile disorders.

Long-term Follow-up after Feminizing Genital Reconstruction in Patients with Ambiguous Genitalia and High Vaginal Confluence

We evaluated the long-term results of feminizing genital reconstruction in patients with genital ambiguity with high vaginal confluence. The medical records of 10 consecutive patients with ambiguous genitalia and high vaginal confluence who underwent feminizing genital reconstruction from 1996 to 2007 were reviewed. Seven patients had congenital adrenal hyperplasia, one had mixed gonadal dysgenesis, one had partial androgen insensitivity, and one had 5-alpha reductase deficiency syndrome. Median age at operation was 21 months (range, 2-47 months). Median follow up was 7.7 yr. Of the six patients who underwent feminizing genital reconstruction with the Gonzalez method, three had good results. Of the other three patients, one had a urethrovaginal fistula and underwent fistula repair 9 yr after, one had distal vaginal stenosis and underwent revision vaginoplasty 9 yr after, and one had a urethrovaginal fistula and urethral stricture. The patient with urogenital mobilization had persistent urogenital sinus. Feminizing genitoplasty using the Gonzalez method showed good long-term results in patients with ambiguous genitalia and Congenital adrenal hyperplasia. The procedure is less invasive than other approaches and results in excellent cosmetic outcomes; and complications can be corrected by relatively simple procedures.

Clinical Characteristics and Surgical Outcomes in Adolescents and Adults with Varicocele

PURPOSE: To compare clinical characteristics and surgical results in adolescents and adults with varicocele. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the characteristics of 93 patients, 34 adolescents (mean age, 14.4+/-2.1 years) and 59 adults (mean age, 30.4+/-12.4 years), who underwent surgical repair of varicocele between 2006 and 2009. Median follow-up time in all patients was 18.7 months. The most bothersome symptoms, bilaterality, grades, surgical methods, artery-sparing rates, operation times, semen analysis, success rates, and recurrence-free period were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: The overall success rate of surgical repair was 92.5%. The most bothersome symptoms were scrotal mass, pain, and hypotrophy in adolescents and pain, scrotal mass, infertility, and hypotrophy in adults (p=0.008). There were no significant between-group differences in bilaterality, grades, surgical methods, operation times, pre- or postoperative semen analyses, success rates, or recurrence-free periods. Patients who underwent artery-sparing surgery had higher recurrence rates than did those who underwent surgery that did not spare arteries. In adults, semen density increased significantly after surgery, from 35.6 million/ml to 49.6 million/ml (p=0.046). CONCLUSIONS: There were no significant differences in clinical characteristics or surgical results between adolescents and adults with varicocele, except for the most bothersome symptoms. Semen density increased after surgery in both groups.

Laparoscopic Orchiopexy for a Nonpalpable Testis

PURPOSE: We evaluated the efficacy and the availability of laparoscopic orchiopexy to manage a nonpalpable intra-abdominal testis and studied outcomes including the testicular survival rate and associated complications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 67 children (86 testicular units) who underwent laparoscopic orchiopexy for a nonpalpable intra-abdominal testis between 1996 and 2008. The mean patient age was 2.4 years (median, 1 year; range, 0.5-9 years), and the mean follow-up period was 21.8 months (range, 0.3-138.4 months). Testicular viability and orchiopexed positioning were evaluated within 1 month and beyond 3 months. RESULTS: Of 86 testes, 69 testes were treated with primary laparoscopic orchiopexy (PLO) sparing the internal spermatic vessel, 14 testes were treated with one-stage Fowler-Stephens laparoscopic orchiopexy 1, and 3 testes were treated with two-stage Fowler-Stephens laparoscopic orchiopexy 2. The testicular survival rates were 97.7% (84/86) within 1 month and 93.7% (59/63) beyond 3 months. Of 59 viable testes followed up beyond 3 months, 48 (81.4%) testes were positioned in the lower scrotum and 11 (18.6%) testes in the mid to high scrotum. CONCLUSIONS: Laparoscopic orchiopexy was successful for a nonpalpable intra-abdominal testis with a high testicular survival rate irrespective of the location from the internal ring. However, atrophy of the testis or upward migration of the testis can occur during follow-up, so we suggest watchful, periodic follow-up evaluating the viability and location of orchiopexed testes that are located in the lower scrotum in the immediate postoperative period or during short-term follow-up.