Combining ability analysis in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L.) for potential quality improvement

Abstract Combining ability analysis provides useful information for the selection of parents, also information regarding the nature and magnitude of involved gene actions. Crops improvement involves strategies for enhancing yield potentiality and quality components. Targeting the improvement of respective characters in bitter gourd, combining ability and genetic parameters for 19 characters were estimated from a 6×6 full diallel analysis technique. The results revealed that the variances due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant for most of the important characters. It indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions. GCA variances were higher in magnitude than SCA variances for all the characters studied indicating the predominance of the additive gene effects in their inheritance. The parent P2 (BG 009) appeared as the best general combiner for earliness; P1 (BG 006) for number of fruits, average single fruit weight and fruit yield; P4 (BG 027) for node number of first female flower and days to seed fruit maturity; P3 (BG 011) for fruit length and thickness of the fruit flesh; P5 (BG 033) for 100-seed weight; and P6 for number of nodes per main vine. The SCA effect as well as reciprocal effect was also significant for most of the important characters in different crosses.

Resumo A análise da capacidade de combinação fornece informações úteis para a seleção dos pais, também informações sobre a natureza e a magnitude das ações dos genes envolvidos. A melhoria das safras envolve estratégias para aumentar a potencialidade da produção e os componentes de qualidade. Visando ao aprimoramento dos respectivos caracteres em cabaça-amarga, capacidade de combinação e parâmetros genéticos para 19 caracteres, foram estimados a partir de uma técnica de análise dialélica completa 6 × 6. Os resultados revelaram que as variâncias, devido à capacidade geral de combinação (GCA) e capacidade específica de combinação (SCA), foram altamente significativas para a maioria dos caracteres importantes. Indicou a importância das ações gênicas aditivas e não aditivas. As variâncias GCA foram maiores em magnitude do que as variâncias SCA para todos os caracteres estudados, indicando a predominância dos efeitos do gene aditivo em sua herança. O pai P2 (BG 009) apareceu como o melhor combinador geral para o início; P1 (BG 006) para número de frutos, peso médio de um único fruto e produção de frutos; P4 (BG 027) para número de nó da primeira flor fêmea e dias para a maturidade do fruto da semente; P3 (BG 011) para comprimento do fruto e espessura da polpa do fruto; P5 (BG 033) para peso de 100 sementes; e P6 para o número de nós por videira principal. O efeito SCA, bem como o efeito recíproco, também foi significativo para a maioria dos personagens importantes em cruzamentos diferentes.

Combining ability analysis in bitter gourd (Momordica charantia L. ) for potential quality improvement / Análise de capacidade de combinação em cabaça-amarga (Momordica charantia L. ) para melhoria potencial da qualidade

Abstract Combining ability analysis provides useful information for the selection of parents, also information regarding the nature and magnitude of involved gene actions. Crops improvement involves strategies for enhancing yield potentiality and quality components. Targeting the improvement of respective characters in bitter gourd, combining ability and genetic parameters for 19 characters were estimated from a 6×6 full diallel analysis technique. The results revealed that the variances due to general combining ability (GCA) and specific combining ability (SCA) were highly significant for most of the important characters. It indicated the importance of both additive and non-additive gene actions. GCA variances were higher in magnitude than SCA variances for all the characters studied indicating the predominance of the additive gene effects in their inheritance. The parent P2 (BG 009) appeared as the best general combiner for earliness; P1 (BG 006) for number of fruits, average single fruit weight and fruit yield; P4 (BG 027) for node number of first female flower and days to seed fruit maturity; P3 (BG 011) for fruit length and thickness of the fruit flesh; P5 (BG 033) for 100-seed weight; and P6 for number of nodes per main vine. The SCA effect as well as reciprocal effect was also significant for most of the important characters in different crosses.

Resumo A análise da capacidade de combinação fornece informações úteis para a seleção dos pais, também informações sobre a natureza e a magnitude das ações dos genes envolvidos. A melhoria das safras envolve estratégias para aumentar a potencialidade da produção e os componentes de qualidade. Visando ao aprimoramento dos respectivos caracteres em cabaça-amarga, capacidade de combinação e parâmetros genéticos para 19 caracteres, foram estimados a partir de uma técnica de análise dialélica completa 6 × 6. Os resultados revelaram que as variâncias, devido à capacidade geral de combinação (GCA) e capacidade específica de combinação (SCA), foram altamente significativas para a maioria dos caracteres importantes. Indicou a importância das ações gênicas aditivas e não aditivas. As variâncias GCA foram maiores em magnitude do que as variâncias SCA para todos os caracteres estudados, indicando a predominância dos efeitos do gene aditivo em sua herança. O pai P2 (BG 009) apareceu como o melhor combinador geral para o início; P1 (BG 006) para número de frutos, peso médio de um único fruto e produção de frutos; P4 (BG 027) para número de nó da primeira flor fêmea e dias para a maturidade do fruto da semente; P3 (BG 011) para comprimento do fruto e espessura da polpa do fruto; P5 (BG 033) para peso de 100 sementes; e P6 para o número de nós por videira principal. O efeito SCA, bem como o efeito recíproco, também foi significativo para a maioria dos personagens importantes em cruzamentos diferentes.

Orthopaedic applications of bone graft & graft substitutes: a review.

Treatment of delayed union, malunion, and nonunion is a challenge to the orthopaedic surgeons in veterinary and human fields. Apart from restoration of alignment and stable fixation, in many cases adjunctive measures such as bone-grafting or use of bone-graft substitutes are of paramount importance. Bone-graft materials usually have one or more components: an osteoconductive matrix, which acts as scaffold to new bone growth; osteoinductive proteins, which support mitogenesis of undifferentiated cells; and osteogenic cells, which are capable of forming bone in the appropriate environment. Autologous bone remains the “gold standard” for stimulating bone repair and regeneration, but its availability may be limited and the procedure to harvest the material is associated with complications. Bone-graft substitutes can either substitute autologous bone graft or expand an existing amount of autologous bone graft. We review the currently available bone graft and graft substitutes for the novel therapeutic approaches in clinical setting of orthopaedic surgery.

Multifocal giant cell tumour of bone in a skeletally immature patient--a case report.

Giant cell tumor of bone is usually seen in adults affecting a single bone. Multiple giant cell tumour of bone occurring in skeletally immature patients is extremely rare. Multifocal giant cell tumor of bone in a ten year old boy involving upper end of humerus and tibia is being reported for its extreme paucity in literature.

Antiallergic/antiasthmatic effect of novel antiallergic hexapeptide-95/220 in various experimental models.

The effects of newly synthesized antiallergic hexapeptide 95/220 was investigated on various allergic and asthmatic test models. This newly developed peptide was found to be more potent than clinically used drug disodium cromoglycate (DSCG). Hexapeptide 95/220 inhibited immediate hypersensitivity reactions such as passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) and mast cell degranulation in rats, antigen-induced bronchoconstriction in actively sensitized guinea pigs in dose dependent manner like DSCG. Antigen-induced contraction of guinea pig ileum was also markedly inhibited by this newly developed hexapeptide in the same fashion as ketotifen and DSCG did but at comparatively lower dose. Egg albumin-induced histamine release was also blocked by this hexapeptide from chopped lung tissues of sensitized guinea pigs. These results suggest that hexapeptide' 95/220 has potent inhibitory effect on immediate hypersensitivity reactions thereby inhibiting mediator release from mast cell. Moreover, this newly synthesized peptide is orally active and effective at lower doses as compared to standard drugs.

Assessing the cause of in-patients pediatric diarrheal deaths: an analysis of hospital records.

Records of all the diarrheal patients up to the age of 5 years who were admitted to and died in Dr. B.C. Roy Memorial Hospital for Children, Calcutta, between January and December 1990 were analyzed. The records were reviewed to assess the relative importance of three clinical types of diarrhea (acute watery diarrhea, acute dysentery and persistent diarrhea) as the causes of mortality. Annual hospital death rates of children suffering from acute watery diarrhea, dysentery and persistent diarrhea were 13.6%, 18.2% and 25.9%, respectively. Overall death rates in dysentery (p = 0.03) and persistent diarrhea groups (p < .00001) were significantly higher than watery diarrhea group. Maximum deaths occurred among children aged between 7 and 36 months in all categories of diarrhea. Shigella infected children had higher case fatality rate. In acute watery diarrhea, 30.9% cases were assigned to associated causes of death whereas the same could be assigned to 92.6% and 93.2% cases in dysentery and persistent diarrhea group, respectively. Deaths occurred in most of the cases who had bronchopneumonia as underlying cause, septicemia as immediate cause and protein calorie malnutrition as associated cause and these were most frequently associated in patients suffering from dysentery and persistent diarrhea. Only 2.0% children suffering from acute watery diarrhea had dehydration at the time of death. Significantly, a high percentage of deaths occurred among malnourished children who suffered from dysentery (54.4%) and persistent diarrhea. These data suggest that Diarrheal Disease Control Programme should also give emphasis on management of non watery, non-dehydrating type of diarrhea with complications.

Comparative efficacy of furazolidone and nalidixic acid in the empirical treatment of acute invasive diarrhea: randomized clinical trial.

Efficacy of furazolidone and nalidixic acid was compared in a randomized trial involving 72 children with acute invasive diarrhea. Thirty six children received furazolidone (7.5 mg/kg/day) and 36 children received nalidixic acid (55 mg/kg/day). Clinical characteristics of the two treatment groups were comparable on admission. Of these, 34 children in furazolidone treated group and 29 children in nalidixic acid treated group completed the full course of treatment and were analyzed finally for clinical efficacy. Clinical cure was observed in 29(85.3%) children treated with furazolidone and 29(100.0%) children treated with nalidixic acid. Nalidixic acid treated group had statistically significantly higher cure rate (p = 0.039) as compared to furazolidone treated group. However, 85% cure rate in furazolidone treated group may be potentially useful for the treatment of acute invasive diarrhea because of decreasing efficacy of nalidixic acid against shigellosis in many countries.

Adjuvant activity of some nonpyrogenic hydrophobic analogues of muramyl dipeptide in enhancing the primary humoral and cell mediated immune responses in guinea pig model.

Five muramyl dipeptide analogues synthesized by derivatization of gamma-carboxyl of D-isoglutamine residue of MDP into alkyl amides or incorporation of lysine residue at the site via epsilon-NH2 function were evaluated for immuno-adjuvant activity. Derivatization of gamma-carboxyl of D-isoglutamine into butyl, octyl and dibutyl residues stimulated delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) response, the maximum stimulation being observed with octyl amide. Introduction of lauryl amide residue abolished DTH response. The antibody response was impaired with all the alkyl amide analogues except for the lysyl amide derivative with which the response was higher than MDP. Correlation was observed between DTH response and macrophage migration.

Nitrification and simultaneous denitrification by Azospirillum brasilense 12S.

Azospirillum brasilense, an associative diazotrophs from sorghum roots grows autotrophically on NH + 4 and CaCO3. NH + 4 a is also oxidized to NO – 2 and then denitrified. Addition of malate to the autotrophic medium enhances both NH + 4 oxidation as well as NO – 2 dissimilation. The incomplete nitrification linked denitrification results in a rapid loss of nitrogen from the growth medium. The bacterium also shows assimilatory NO3− and NO 2 reductases and fixes nitrogen at < 50 μg N/ml of NH + 4 , NO−3 or NO-2.

In vitro and in vivo nitrogenase activity of Rhizobium mutants and their symbiotic effectivity.

A slow growing nitrogen-fixing strain of Vigna radiata var. aureus (mung bean) Rhizobium which expressed nitrogenase activity in a synthetic medium was isolated from its native population. Mutants with decreased and increased nitrogenase activity were derived from this strain by treatment with acridine orange and ethidium bromide. These mutants were tested for symbiotic effectivity in vivo. The effectivity of mutants with decreased nitrogenase activity in the culture medium was lower than the parent strain; however, the effectivity of mutants with higher nitrogenase activity did not increase above that of the parent. This suggests that the plant is perhaps a limiting factor in the full expression of rhizobial nitrogenase in the nodules.