Inhibitory Effects of CD99-derived Peptide CD99CRIII3 on the Extravasation of Monocytes and Inflammatory Reactions in Contact Dermatitis Mouse Model / 체질인류학회지

Leucocyte extravasation has been known to play an important role in inflammatory reactions including contact dermatitis. Previous studies suggested that CD99 regulates β1 integrin activity and may be a novel therapeutic target molecule for inflammatory diseases. In this study, the effects of CD99-derived peptide, CD99CRIII3, on inflammatory reactions in contact dermatitis mouse model were investigated. CD99CRIII3 decreased β1-integrin activity in human monocytic U937 cells. CD99CRIII3 inhibited the adhesion of U937 monocytes to human umbilical vein endothelial cells and their extravasation through human umbilical vein endothelial cells. CD99CRIII3 reduced inflammation in the phorbol myristate acetate-induced contact dermatitis mice in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that CD99CRIII3 suppresses the extravasation of monocytes and inflammatory reactions in the animal model of the contact dermatitis, suggesting that CD99CRIII3 could be a new drug candidate against inflammatory skin diseases.

Development and Application of E-Learning Human Anatomy Content for Undergraduate Students in Health Allied Science / 체질인류학회지

This study aimed to develop and implement a progressive e-learning teaching method in the teaching of human anatomy. For analysis of the effect of new teaching methods, we made a survey of user satisfaction, content difficulty, and course management. The e-learning content was developed by the authors and implemented to class, practice, and tests, for 16 weeks. The survey was conducted on sophomores of nursing science (NS, n=42) and sports science (SS, n=26), at Kangwon National University. These two groups of students filled out a questionnaire related to effectiveness of e-learning content and tool in learning human anatomy. The results were compared between two groups. The majority of the students were satisfied with the content, difficulty level, and management of the e-learning course. Through the board of virtual classroom, all of the students played positive manners in communication and activity. Students pointed out 'reinforcement of multimedia data', 'improvement of technical service' and 'addition of broad information' as the most notable improvements of content. Therefore, we conclude that an e-learning course for undergraduate nursing science and sports science students can provide an effective learning model.

CD36 signaling inhibits the translation of heat shock protein 70 induced by oxidized low density lipoprotein through activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma

Oxidized LDL (OxLDL), a causal factor in atherosclerosis, induces the expression of heat shock proteins (Hsp) in a variety of cells. In this study, we investigated the role of CD36, an OxLDL receptor, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPAR gamma) in OxLDL-induced Hsp70 expression. Overexpression of dominant-negative forms of CD36 or knockdown of CD36 by siRNA transfection increased OxLDL-induced Hsp70 protein expression in human monocytic U937 cells, suggesting that CD36 signaling inhibits Hsp70 expression. Similar results were obtained by the inhibition of PPAR gamma activity or knockdown of PPAR gamma expression. In contrast, overexpression of CD36, which is induced by treatment of MCF-7 cells with troglitazone, decreased Hsp70 protein expression induced by OxLDL. Interestingly, activation of PPAR gamma through a synthetic ligand, ciglitazone or troglitazone, decreased the expression levels of Hsp70 protein in OxLDL-treated U937 cells. However, major changes in Hsp70 mRNA levels were not observed. Cycloheximide studies demonstrate that troglitazone attenuates Hsp70 translation but not Hsp70 protein stability. PPAR gamma siRNA transfection reversed the inhibitory effects of troglitazone on Hsp70 translation. These results suggest that CD36 signaling may inhibit stress- induced gene expression by suppressing translation via activation of PPAR gamma in monocytes. These findings reveal a new molecular basis for the anti-inflammatory effects of PPAR gamma.

Inhibition of p65 Nuclear Translocation by KIOM-79 / 대한해부학회지

We demonstrate that KIOM-79, combined extracts isolated from Magnolia officinalis, Pueraria lobata, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, and Euphorbia pekinensis, inhibits LPS-induced expression of iNOS gene in RAW 264.7 cells. Treatment of RAW 264.7 cells with KIOM-79 inhibited LPS-stimulated nitric oxide production in a doserelated manner. Immunohisto-chemical staining of iNOS and RT-PCR analysis showed that the decrease of NO was due to the inhibition of iNOS gene expression. Immunostaining of p65 and EMSA showed that KIOM-79 inhibited NF-kappa/Rel nuclear translocation and DNA binding, respectively. Collectively, this series of experiments indicates that KIOM inhibits iNOS gene expression by blocking NF-kappa/Rel. Due to the critical role that NO release plays in mediating inflammatory responses, the inhibitory effects of KIOM-79 on iNOS suggest that KIOM-79 may represent a useful anti-inflammatory agent.

Study on the Differences of Anatomical Terminologies between Korean Association of Anatomists and Korean Association of Biological Sciences / 대한해부학회지

A number of Korean terminologies describing same anatomical structures have been found different between biological and medical fields. These differences can make scientific miscommunication in biomedical fields. So we investigated and analyzed the official Korean biological terminologies (2005), and compared them with Korean anatomical terminologies (2005). Of all Korean biological terminologies, 791 were founded to describe anatomical structures. And concordance rate of 791 biological terminologies with Korean anatomical terminologies was 37.4%, which is significantly lower than that of high school biology terminologies with anatomical terminology (50.3+/-2.7%). This difference in concordance rates is thought to result mainly from the fact that many Sino-Korean terminologies and eponyms are used in biological field. Above results can be served as valuable basic resources for revision and standardization of terminologies used in biomedical fields. Collaboration among anatomists, biologists, and college students is thought to be prerequisite.

Relationship of Angiopoietin-2 Expression to Atherosclerosis in Middle Cerebral and Coronary Arteries / 대한해부학회지

Atherosclerosis is a systemic and multifactorial disease, its incidence is raised recently. Cerebral and coronary atherosclerosis have some similar pathogenesis, but their relationship and mechanisms are still remain unclear. Intimal neovascularization in the atherosclerotic plaque was focused with respect to its pathological roles, intimal thickening and atherosclerotic progression. Ang-2, which is an angiogenesis regulating factor, provides a destabilizing signal for endothelial cells, leading to vessel regression or sprouting. However the role and distribution of Ang-2 in atherosclerotic coronary and cerebral arteries are still not well known. Thus, we analyzed 1) atherosclerotic lesion progression 2) relationship of atherosclerosis to Ang-2 expression in human middle cerebral and coronary artery. Paraffin sections from 25 human coronary (COA) and 36 middle cerebral arteries (MCA) were characterized according to AHA classification. In the same person, the score of atherosclerosis progression in COA was higher than that of MCA. In the two kinds of arteries having same atherosclerotic progression, the degree of intimal proliferation and luminal stenosis in COA was higher than that of MCA. Expression of Ang-2 was not shown in normal artery but localized in lumen-lining endothelium, macrophage in preatheroma, atheroma and complicated lesion. Ang-2 expression and infiltration of macrophages were rich in COA than MCA. Our result indicated that cerebral atherosclerosis has some different pathogenic mechanisms with coronary atherosclerosis according to difference of progression and angiogenic factor Ang-2 expression. Thus this is a fundamental study for understanding the progression of atherosclerosis in different vascular beds.

Expression of NCX and NCKX Isoforms mRNAs in Rat Pituitary Gland / 대한해부학회지

Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger plays a fundamental role in controlling the changes in intracellular concentration of Na(+) and Ca(2+) ions. Two different families of Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger, NCX (K(+)-independent Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger) and NCKX (K+-dependent Na(+)-Ca(2+) exchanger), are known and each family includes several isoforms. But little is known about their expression in pituitary gland. In this study, in situ hybridization with digoxigeninlabeled riboprobe and double-labeled experiments with immunohistochemistry were applied to investigate the expression of NCX and NCKX mRNAs and their distribution in normal rat pituitary gland. NCX2 mRNA hybridization signals were expressed in pars distalis, while both NCX2 and NCKX2 mRNAs expression were strongly observed in pars nervosa. NCX2 and NCKX2 mRNA were also expressed in supraoptic nucleus of hypothalamus. In pars distalis, 68.2% of growth hormone secreting cells was colocalized with NCX2 mRNA, whereas NCX2 mRNA was not found in S100 positive folliculostellate cells. These results suggest that NCX2 in pars distalis and NCX2 and NCKX2 in pars nervosa appear to be involved in endocrine function of pituitary gland.

Release of heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and the effects of extracellular Hsp70 on matric metalloproteinase-9 expression in human monocytic U937 cells

Heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) release and its effects on pro-inflammatory cytokine production have been controversial. In this study, we investigated whether Hsp70 could be released from monocytes and activates matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) gene expression. Hsp70 overexpression in human monocytic cell line U937 was found to increase PMA- induced MMP-9 expression and enhance cell motility. Hsp70 cDNA transfectants released Hsp70 protein into culture supernatants, and a part of released Hsp70 subsequently was bound to the surface of U937 cells. Addition of culture medium containing the extracelluar Hsp70 led to an increase not only in proMMP-9 secretion, but also the invasiveness of U937 cells through Matrigel or human umbilical vascular endothelial cells (HUVEC) in vitro. Immunodepletion of Hsp70 abolished its effect on MMP-9 expression. The released Hsp70 activated nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kappa B) and activating protein-1 (AP-1), which led to the activation of MMP-9 transcription. Taken together, these results suggest that extracellular Hsp70 induces the expression of MMP-9 gene through activation of NF-kappa B and AP-1.

Two-phalanged Fifth Toe in Korean Children / 체질인류학회지

Radiographic research was performed to know the frequency of two-phalanged fifth toe and its relation to presence of the ossification centers in normal Korean children. Previous study showed more than 74% of the incidence in adulthood and less than 30% in childhood. Fifty children (33 male and 17 female, aged 2 to 15; mean age 9.6) were studied by plain foot radiographs focused on the fifth toe. In the 3~8 yr old 20 subjects, secondary ossification center of distal phalangeal bone was seen as a ossicle (small bone) placed at proximal to the distal phalanx. Secondary ossification center of middle phalangeal bone and the bony shaft of the phalanx was hard to distinguish. So keeping up the objectivity, regardless of distinguishable ossification center or the bony shaft of phalanges, ossicles seen on the 5th toe was counted to classify the presumptive type of the toe. Epiphyseal ossification center of proximal phalanx was excluded from the count. There were three types of the fifth toe which has 2 ossicles to 4 ossicles. Overall incidence of the type of 2 ossicles was 24% (12/50). Above 12 yr old group the incidence was 61% (11/18), and above 13 yr old group the incidence was 75% (9/12). The incidence of biphalangism came closer to the adult's after late childhood. This finding represent that progress of biphalangealization completed after late childhood. It seems that the progress starts earlier than 3 yr old. We made the hypothesis by the incidence of 30% (6/20) of the type which has 4 ossicles on the fifth toe at 3~8 yr old group. Four ossicles might be a secondary ossification center of distal phalanx and the bony shaft of distal, middle and proximal phalanx. They might form a distal interphalageal joint and the triphalangeal toe. To know more about the morphogenesis of biphalalngeal 5th toe, further progressive study in childhood is needed.

Pathophysiological Role of Angiopoietin-2 in Human Coronary Atherosclerosis / 대한해부학회지

Neovascularization is well known to occur in human atherosclerotic plaques; however, its pathophysiological roles, mechanism, and stimuli still remain unclear. Angiopoietin-1 and -2 belong to another vascular-specific growth factor family and regulate angiogenesis. Angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) provides a destabilizing signal for endothelial cells, leading to vessel regression or sprouting depending on the presence of other angiogenic factor. But role and distribution of Ang-2 in atherosclerosis are not well known. Thus, we studied 1) the distribution and amount of Ang-2 2) the relationship between Ang-2 expression and vascular morphometrical change 3) the relationship between Ang-2 expression and neovascularization in atherosclerotic lesions. Paraffin sections from 36 human coronary arterial segments were characterized as normal, preatheroma, atheroma, fibroatheroma and complicated lesion according to American heart association classification. Expression of Ang-2 and related factors were examined using immunohistochemistry and western blotting with antibodies against Ang-2, CD31 (endothelial cells), alpha-actin (vascular smooth muscle cells), CD36 (monocyte & macrophage), Tie-2 and VEGF. Expression of Ang-2 was not shown in normal arterial segment. Ang-2 were localized in lumen-lining endothelium, macrophage, some SMCs of atheromatous plaque in advanced lesion. Amount of Ang-2 was increased according to progression of atherosclerosis. Intraplaque microvessels had Ang-2 and VEGF positive endothelial cells and number of those in plaque increased according to progression of disease. Intimal neovascularization is correlated with intimal thickening in atherosclerotic lesion (R2 = 0.7424). Therefore, they suggest that Ang-2 has an important role in the progression of human coronary atherosclerosis, as well as in neovascularization. This study implicates Ang-2 as an important potential therapeutic target in vascular disease

Study on the Differences between Anatomical Terminology and Terminology of High School Biology Textbook / 대한해부학회지

College students, who major in health science, feel troubles in learning anatomy due to the differences between anatomical terminology and biology terms used in high school course. Moreover, there can be errors in communication between patients and medical personnel. So we investigated and analyzed the terminologies used in 7 high school biology textbooks, and compared them with Korean anatomical terminology and official biological terminology. The concordance rate of high school biology terms with anatomical terminology was just 50.3 +/-2.7%, while that with official biological terminology was significantly higher (89.8+/-1.6%). Most notable differences between high school biology terms and anatomical terminology were found in descriptions of the reproductive system. In addition, several eponyms and unofficial word spacing were noted in high school biology textbooks. These results can be served as valuable basic resources for revision and standardization of terminologies used in biomedical fields. Collaboration among anatomists, biologists and high school teachers is thought be prerequisite.

Study on the Differences between High School Biology Textbook Terminologies and Official Terminologies of Histology or Embryology / 대한해부학회지

College students, who major in health science, feel troubles in learning histology or embryology due to the differences between medical terminology and biological terminologies used in high school course. Moreover, the differences can cause errors in communication between patients and medical personnel. So we investigated and analyzed the terminologies used in 7 high school biology textbooks, and compared them with official histological or embryological terminologies and official biological terminologies (Korean association of biological science). The concordance rates of high school biology terms with histological or embryological terminologies were just 42.3+/-4.0% or 55.8+/-18.1%, while those with official biological terminology were significantly higher (74.0+/-3.8% or 89.5+/- 8.0%). Most notable differences between high school biology textbook terminologies and histological terminologies were found in the chapter of the urinary system. In addition, several eponyms and unofficial word spacing were noted in high school textbooks. These results can be served as valuable basic resources for revision and standardization of terminologies used in the biomedical fields. Collaboration among anatomists, biologists and high school teachers is thought be prerequisite.

Role of Cardiac Transcription Factor Nkx2.5 on Cardiomyoplasty Model in vitro / 대한해부학회지

Despite therapeutic advance, the prevalence of ischemic heart disease continues to increase. Recently, cell transplantation of stem cell has been proposed as a strategy for cardiac repair following myocardial damage. However, low differentiation efficiency into cardiomyocyte and poor cell viability associated with transplantation have limited the reparative capacity of these cell. In this study, we engineered P19 embryonal carcinoma cells using plasmid vector to overexpress the transcription factor MEF2c, Nkx2.5 involved in cardiomyogenesis. We investigated 1) formation of intercellular junction of P19 in mono-culture and co-culture with cardiomyocyte for functional and structural synchronous contraction after transplantation, 2) differentiation into cardiomyocyte, 3) resistance to hypoxic condition. An P19 embryonal carcinoma cell line expressing GFP, MEF2c, Nkx2.5 was generated by gene transfection and clonal selection. Nkx2.5 overexpression induced connexin43 expression level decrease. Electron microscopy revealed myofibril organization and immunostaining with cTnT showed positive staining in P19-Nkx2.5, consistent with early stage cardiomyocyte. Connexin43 and N-cadherin was expressed between P19-MEF2c and cardiomyocyte, P19- Nkx2.5 and cardiomyocyte in co-culture. And beating rate of cardiomyocyte co-cultured with P19-Nkx2.5 increased much more than other group, even if P19-Nkx2.5 did not have synchronous contraction with cardiomyocyte. Additionally, P19-Nkx2.5 had a resistance against hypoxia. These result suggest that overexpression of Nkx2.5 induced differentiation of P19 into cardiomyocyte and would be electro-mechanical coupling with cardiomyocyte after transplantation. Futhermore, Nkx2.5 overexpression had protection potential to hypoxic injury. Therefore, P19 cell overexpressed Nkx2.5 would be promising cell source for further study of new therapy of myocardial disease and building up in vitro model.

Expression of Metallothionein-1, 2 in Folliculostellate Cells of Rat Anterior Pituitary Gland / 대한해부학회지

Metallothionein (MT) family, intracellular zinc binding proteins, has been suggested to play an important regulatory role in zinc metabolism. The present study utilized light and confocal microscopic methods to investigate the expression pattern of MT-1, 2 and to determine the distribution and extent of colocalization of MT-1, 2 relative to subpopulations of S100 positive folliculostellate (FS) cells and somatotrophs in normal rat anterior pituitary. By light microscopy, MT-1, 2 immunoreactivity was observed both in pars intermedia and pars distalis of anterior pituitary. Confocal microscopy revealed that most MT immunoreactivity was colocalized in S100 positive FS cells, not in somatotrophs. This is the first report that FS cells in pars distalis contain MT-1, 2. These results suggest that MT family may be involved in regulation of hypophyseal endocrine functions and can be used as new markers of FS cells.

In situ hybridization Study on the Age-related Changes of Ghrelin mRNA Expression in Rat Stomach / 대한해부학회지

Ghrelin is a recently identified member of growth hormone secretagogue, which is synthesized as peptide of 28 amino acids in stomach, pituitary and intestines. Ghrelin controls food intake, and induces gastric acid secretion. It has been reported that synthesis and secretion of ghrelin changes according to age of animals. In this study, in situ hybridization technique with digoxigenin-labeled oligonucleotide probe is applied to elucidate the developmental change of ghrelin mRNA expression pattern in rat stomach. Ghrelin mRNA positive cells first appeared in stomach of 9 day rats, mainly in base of gastric glands. It showed the highest density and spread to neck area of the gastric gland in 6 week rats. Number of positive cells decreased significantly in 18 months. Most of ghrelin mRNA positive cells were found as closed-type endocrine cells in fundus area. These results suggest that ghrelin expression may be involved in development and ageing process.

An Immuno -Electron Microscopic Study for Perlecan in the Synovium of Degenerative Arthritis of Knee / 대한해부학회지

This study was designed to observe the expression of perlecan in the normal and degenerative arthritic synovial membrane. By using the immunohistochemical staining and immuno -electron microscopical gold labeling techniques, we observed five materials of normal and degenerative arthritic synovia each. The results were as follows. 1. By the immunohistochemical methods, perlecan -positive staining was seen on the 1 ~2 cell layers of the normal synovial membrane. But, a weaker staining compared to that seen in the normal synovial membrane was found in the degenerative arthritic synovial membrane. 2. Under the electron microscopic observation, perlecan was largely distributed in the rough endoplasmic reticulum of the secretory synovial cell, and in the vacuoles of the phagocytic synovial cell on the normal synovium of the human knee joint. It was also found in the extracellular matrix of the synovial membrane. 3. Perlecan -positive cells were also identified on the degenerative arthritic synovium of the human knee joint. However, fewer perlecan was observed here than that found in the normal synovium. In conclusion, perlecan is synthesized by the secretory synovial cells and degraded by the phagocytic synovial cells. And it, known as a major component of the basement membrane, also proven to exist in the extracellular matrix of the synovial membrane having no basement membrane. From the fact that less perlecan was observed in the degenerative arthritis, perlecan is might to play a major role in the degenerative process.

Histochemical Study on the Expression of Heat Shock Protein 70 mRNA in Developing Mouse Brain / 대한해부학회지

Using in situ hybridization technique with digoxigenin-labelled riboprobe, study on the expression of hsp 70 mRNA in the developing mouse brain was performed. The results obtained are as follows; 1. In embryonic day 16 group, cells with strong reactivity to hsp70 mRNA were found in spinal cord. In neuroepithelial layer lining fourth ventricle and external granular layer of cerebellum, moderate reactivity was observed. But the reactivity was weak in the forebrain including cerebral cortex, diencephalon and olfactory bulb. 2. In embryonic day 18 group, the regional pattern of hsp70 mRNA expression was similar to that of embryonic day 16 group. In medulla oblongata, however, stronger reactivity was found in the embryonic day 18 group. 3. In postnatal day 0 mice group, cells with moderate or strong reactivity to hsp70 mRNA were found in the overall area of central nervous system, Especially, cells with moderate reactivity were found in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus, and the supragranular cortical plate and subplate neocortex. 4. In postnatal day 2 mice group, cells with moderate or strong reactivity to hsp70 mRNA were found in the same pattern as in postnatal day 0 group. Further differentiation of cerebral cortex and cerebellum was found. 5. Strong expression of hsp70 mRNA was found in the areas with high rate of cell division. In general, the area of expression moved to more rostral area in central nervous system as development proceeds. Above results suggest that hsp70 play an important role in the development and differentiation of central nervous system.

In situ hybridization study on the distribution of nNOS mRNA-positive neurons in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum of aged rats / 대한해부학회지

Nitric oxide (NO) is a diffusible cellular mediator generated by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase (NOS). NO involvement has been demonstrated in mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, particularly in hippocampal long-term potentiation, a mechanism that underlies certain forms of learning and memory. Several data have shown that NO production is decreased in the aged rat. Changes in the nNOS mRNA-containing neurons with aging were demonstrat-ed by in situ hybridization. nNOS mRNA-positive cells in aged rats were present in all cortical areas, hippocampus, and cerebellum and the distribution was similar to that of the young adult group. The number of nNOS mRNA-positive cells was significantly decreased in the occipital (86.2%), parietal (81.2%), and temporal cortices (79.4%), also in hippocampal CA1 (86.2%), dentate gyrus (92.3%), and cerebellar Purkinje cells (73.9%). The most severe decrease was found in hippocampal area. These results are consistent with the former studies showing NO decrease in aging brain and nNOS mRNA decrease indicates the involvement of neuronal system containing NOS in the aging brain, especially for learning and memory.

Immunohistochemical studies on the distribution of microcirculation-controlling factors in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal formation of the aged rat / 대한해부학회지

Recent studies have explored certain changes of neurons containing neuropeptides that are involved in the cerebral microcirculation with aging. However, the degree of loss of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP)- and neuropeptide Y (NPY)-containing neurons in the aged CNS has not yet been established with certainty. Nitric oxide (NO) from the neuronal NO synthase (nNOS) appears to play the principal role in the cerebral flow response to functional activation. Several findings suggest that NO production may be decreased in the aged rat. Therefore, changes with aging of VIP-, NPY- and NOS-containing neurons were demonstrated by immunohistochemistry in this study. A major loss of VIP-immunoreactive (IR) neurons in the aged rat brain was observed in the frontal cortex area 3, parietal cortex area 1, hindlimb area, temporal cortex area 1 & 2, monocular part of occipital cortex area 1, occipital cortex area 2, and retrosplenial cortex. The axis of VIP neurons in the aged group showed an irregular orientation tendency, especially in layers II and III. Major loss of NPY-IR neurons in the aged rat brain were observed in the retrosplenial cortex, frontal cortex areas 1 and 2, parietal cortex areas 1 and 2, occipital cortex areas 1 and 2, the temporal cortex, hippocampus proper and cingulate cortex. Loss of NPY-IR neurons was observed mostly in layers V and VI. The number of NOS-IR cells was significantly decreased in the aged rat, but the extent of changes was variable in each area.Morphologically, the number of dendritic branches seemed to be decreased in the aged group and the length of dendrites of VIP-, NPY- and NOS-IR neurons showed a tendency to shorten. These results indicate the involvement of VIP-, NPY- and NOS-IR neurons in the aging process in relation to the increased incidence to cerebrovascular disorders in the elderly, and provide the first morphological evidence for the loss of VIP-, NPY- and NOS-IR neurons in each area of cerebral cortex and the hippocampus of the aged rat by immunohistochemistry.

Experimental Study on the Expression of Striatal Dopamine Receptors in the Rat Model of Parkinsonism

No abstract available.