Suction assisted surgical extraction of subcutaneous lipoma

Background: Lipomas are the most common benign mesenchymal tumours in the body. Patients seek their removal due to disfigurement, discomfort or cancerphobia. Historically, open surgical removal was the mainstay of their treatment but striving for less scarring, liposuction is the only new FDA approved alternative. Methods: 56 patients with subcutaneous lipoma of size 3 cm - 10 cm and fulfilling eligibility criteria were selected for this hospital based prospective cohort study after informed consent and Institutional Ethical Committee approval from June 2016 to July 2018. 3 mm irrigation cannula, 5 mm suction cannula, Suction holding tool and Luer lock syringe were used. Lipoma infiltrated with modified Klein solution. Lipoma suctioned out & through the same port, capsule in the cavity was pulled out employing long forceps. Results observed with regards to operative time, post-operative scars, post operative pain and recurrence. Result: A total of 56 patients were enrolled, operated, and observed. Mean duration of lipoma removal surgery was 47.32 minutes. 67.85% patients had pain score 1 after 2 hours of surgery. 100% of patients had healthy scars. 80.4% patients had 0 Vancouver Scarscore after 6 month follow up and only 1 patient had recurrence in 5 months. Conclusions: Our study showed good results in view of postoperative pain and quality of scar. Use of 5 mm cannula gave visually negligible scar with less than 2% recurrence rate. Even though the mean duration of surgery was 47 mins which is more compared to open excision, the good cosmetic result with minimal to no scar prevails over it.

Lower urinary tract symptoms evaluation with uroflowmetry in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background: Uroflowmetry, a non-invasive urodynamic technique, is commonly employed in evaluating patients with potential lower urinary tract dysfunction. Accurate assessment of the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) can be achieved through the utilization of various validated questionnaires, such as the International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS). The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between uroflowmetry parameters and the severity of symptoms. Methods: Fifty patients with LUTS caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia were evaluated by using uroflowmetry, IPSS, prostate volume estimation from May 2022 to December 2023. The correlations between these parameters were quantified by means of Spearman correlation co-efficients. Results: Significant statistical correlations were identified between the IPSS and uroflowmetry outcomes, including peak flow rate, average flow rate, and post-void residual urine. However, no correlation was observed between the IPSS and measurements of prostate volume. Conclusions: A positive correlation was observed between the measured peak flow rate through uroflowmetry and the severity of lower urinary tract symptoms.

Level of utilization of eLearning among students at selected KMTC campuses

Background: Technology continues to impact various spheres of life, including learning. Over the years, eLearning has experienced a steady rise in popularity. At Kenya Medical Training College (KMTC), the influence of technology on education became more noticeable due in part to a policy directive. This directive, prompted partly by the COVID-19 pandemic, emphasized adopting online teaching to address the loss of instructional hours. This study addressed a specific gap in KMTC's internal quality assurance efforts by accumulating evidence related to the extent of E-learning and user satisfaction. Methods: The study employed a descriptive cross-sectional design, utilizing qualitative and quantitative techniques. It involved KMTC campuses conveniently selected from the Coast and Nairobi regions, with 1139 students selected through simple random, stratified, and proportionate sampling methods. A mixed questionnaire (both open and closed-ended questions) was used to collect data. Specifically, the study aimed to assess the level of eLearning utilization among students in selected KMTC campuses and identify the determinants of this utilization. Results: Most of the respondents (89.2%) participated in online classes; 11.8% of those who did not participate cited reasons such as lack of gadgets, bundles, and poor internet connectivity, among others. Despite widespread e-learning utilization, 76.8% of learners strongly preferred face-to-face classes. Conclusions: Key factors linked to e-learning utilization included effective instructional strategies, quality technical support, and well-conducted online classes. The choice of communication channels, particularly platforms like WhatsApp, was strongly linked to e-learning utilization. Therefore, this study recommends that KMTC should acknowledge the strong preference for face-to-face classes and offer hybrid learning options. Further, the KMTC should address accessibility challenges and competing responsibilities at home by supporting data connectivity, ensuring user-friendly online platforms, and providing flexible scheduling options for diverse learner needs.

Influence of maternal factors on the immunization status of under- five in Ebonyi state

Background: Poor delivery of childhood immunization with the interacting factors has been a significant public health challenge especially in the sub-Saharan Africa. Nigeria has been presented as one the countries with the worst under-five mortality rates, and factors affecting childhood immunization including maternal factors are poorly understood. The study determined the influence of maternal characteristics and immunization status of under-five children in Ebonyi State. Methods: Data were collected using an Immunization Status Checklist (ISC). The population of the study was 572,955 under-five children in Ebonyi State from which 2865 was sampled. Data were analyzed using percentages and chi-square. Results: The findings of the study revealed that 83.01% of under-5 children were fully immunized. The chi-square analysis shows a significant influence of mothers’ parity at (p<0.05), mothers’ occupation at (p<0.05) and mothers’ use of antenatal services at (p<0.05). Conclusions: The study concluded that immunization status of under-five children in Ebonyi State was high and maternal characteristics had significant influence on immunization status of under-five children. Thus, recommended that government should provide tangible incentives to mothers who fully immunized their children and promulgate a law to prevent children without immunization cards showing full immunization from registering in public and private primary schools.

Determinants of male involvement in partner's cervical cancer screening in Makueni County, Kenya

Background: Cervical cancer is the fourth cause of cancer deaths globally and is ranked in Kenya as the second cause of cancer-related deaths among females. Men are crucial in minimizing cervical cancer burden. This study sought to establish the socio-cultural and economic factors determining male involvement in their partner's cervical cancer screening in Makueni County, Kenya. Methods: A mixed-method cross-sectional study was used to obtain quantitative and qualitative data from men using questionnaires. Participants were married men aged 18-64 who sought services at three mid-level rural hospitals in Makueni County. Three key Informant face-to-face interviews were conducted. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferences. Qualitative data was analyzed through codes and themes. Results: The study included 291 men. Men's involvement in their partner's cervical cancer screening was low. Only 18% of the participants showed high involvement. The participants' mean age was 38.59 (SD±10.51). Younger men (median age=33 years) were significantly more involved than their older counterparts (median age=38 years) (U=4363, p=0.020). The level of male involvement was strongly linked to the rural area of residence (p=0.001) and the hospital where the respondents were interviewed (p=0.012). Other determining factors included employment status (p=0.004), educational level (p=0.000, and spousal screening history (p=0.000). The odds of male involvement were higher in men who understood their role in cervical cancer screening than those who did not (OR=4.550, 95% CI [1.307, 15.844], p=0.017). Conclusions: Male involvement in their partner’s cervical cancer screening remains significantly low, and demographics and sociocultural factors are key to these poor trends.

Provision of adolescent and youth-friendly services in public health facilities in Migori County, Kenya

Background: Global and national guidelines on provision of adolescent and youth-friendly services (AYFS) exist. However, the extent to which these services are provided in developing countries, including Kenya, is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess provision of AYFS in public health facilities in Migori County, Kenya. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed. The study setting was public health facilities in Migori County. The county has 275 health facilities, of these 159 are government owned/public health facilities. A multistage sampling of 114 public health facilities was done from which 210 healthcare providers (HCPs) were sampled using simple random sampling. Three facility in-charges were purposively selected to represent each of the county's three Levels of healthcare delivery system. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, key informant interviews guide, and Health facility observation checklists. Results: Majority 153 (74%) practiced nursing and 148 (71%) had worked at their current workstation between 1-5 years. Equitable, accessible, acceptable, appropriate, and effective AYFS are provided in the government owned public health facilities. Conclusion: Inadequate AYFS training of healthcare providers and poor implementation of existing policies including weak engagement of young people in AYFS significantly hinder the effective provision of AYFS in public health facilities.

Evaluation of Anti-tussive Potential of Acorus calamus Linn on Ammonium Hydroxide Induced Cough Reflex in Mice

Cough is a protective physiologic reflex of the respiratory system. Its function is to remove foreign object and abnormal excessive secretions from the respiratory tract. Cough also can pathologic and is a symptom of many underlying diseases. In adults in the United States, it is the fifth most common reason for visits to ambulatory care units, accounting for 30 million visits yearly. It can be due to a variety of pulmonary conditions such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lung cancer and adds to the adverse effect; those diseases have on quality of life. Cough is also a side effect of certain medications, with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors being the most familiar example. This study aimed to evaluate the anti-tussive potential of Acorus calamus on ammonium hydroxide-induced cough reflex in mice. The methods involved the administration of the ethanolic extract of A. calamus at a dose of 500 mg/kg to the mice, followed by induction of cough with ammonium hydroxide. The number of coughs was counted and the results were compared to the control groups. The results of the study showed that the ethanolic extract of A. calamus significantly reduced the number of coughs induced by ammonium hydroxide when compared to the control groups. This finding suggests that A. calamus has anti-tussive potential and could be a potential candidate for the development of new anti-tussive agents. In conclusion, the study highlights the potential of natural products, such as A. calamus, in the development of new anti-tussive agents. The findings also underscore the importance of developing effective therapies for the management of cough, a common symptom of various underlying diseases. Further research is necessary to confirm these findings and elucidate the mechanism of action of A. calamus in reducing cough.

Assessment of Genetic Divergence in White Finger Millet [Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn.] Genotypes for Yield and Yield Contributing Traits

The present investigation is carried out to study the genetic divergence among 55 finger millet genotypes for fourteen quantitative characters using Mahalanobis D2 statistics during kharif, 2020. D2 statistics indicated that the genotypes studied were genetically diverse. The 55 genotypes of finger millet were grouped into 6 clusters irrespective of geographical diversity, indicating no parallelism between geographic and genetic diversity. Clusters I had highest number of 50 genotypes and remaining all clusters had solitary. A wider genetic diversity was observed for the different traits studied among the genotypes as evidenced by the formation of six clusters. Out of fourteen quantitative traits studied grain yield per plant contributed majorly towards divergence with the value of 15.65% followed by productive tillers per plant contributes (12%), harvest index (10%) and other traits contribute minorly for divergence.

Genetic Spectrum of Variation and Diversity for Yield and Yield Attributing Traits in Mutagenized Population of Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)

The present study was carried out in Agricultural Research Station, Hagari during rabi 2020, it was undertaken to assess nature of genetic variability and diversity among 200 mutant lines of M4 generation. The study revealed wide variation for yield and yield attributing traits, moderate GCV and PCV coupled with high heritability and genetic advance was observed for stem girth, panicle length and panicle width. The traits viz., stem girth, panicle length, panicle weight, panicle width, 100-seed weight, grain yield per plant and fodder yield showed high heritability and genetic advance as per cent of mean. A wider genetic diversity was observed for the different traits studied among the mutant lines as evidenced by the formation of thirteen clusters for the 200 mutant lines. Out of thirteen characters studied, fodder yield contributed majorly towards divergence with value of 37.35 per cent followed by 100-seed weight contributes (20%), grain yield contributes (15%) and other traits contribute minorly for divergence.

Effect of Fertility Levels and Boron on the Development and Production of Cauliflower

A field experiment consisting five levels of fertility and four levels of boron in RBD with three replications was conducted at Horticulture Farm, SKNAU, (Jaipur) during Rabi season. The findings showed that different levels of fertility used to have a significant impact on the growth, yield of cauliflower. Plant height at 30 and 60 DAT, the number of leaves per plant at 30 and 60 DAT and leaf area were all highest when 75% RDF through inorganic fertilizers and 25% RDF through vermicompost were applied. Also, it was found that the application of 50% RDF using inorganic fertilizers and 50% RDF through vermicompost treatment resulted in the highest curd yield per plot and curd yield per ha (190.89 q/ha).

Effect of Chitosan Biopolymer on Microbial Decay in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) Variety ‘Dev’ under Ambient Temperature

The current study sought to investigate the influence of chitosan biopolymer against microbial decay in tomato. In the present study, bulk-chitosan at different concentrations (0.01, 0.04, 0.08, 0.12, 0.16, 0.20% w/v) along with control were evaluated on tomato variety ?Dev? by dipping fruits for 6 min and stored at ambient temperature (27ºC±2). Bulk-chitosan at 0.16% was found most effective to prevent microbial decay and maintain sensory evaluation from day 1 to days 21 as compared to control. Based on the aforementioned results and comparative evaluation of different doses of bulk-chitosan, we concluded that chitosan is very effective at less concentration and thus exert minimum chemical load on the treated tomatoes. Therefore, it may claim that chitosan biopolymer have potential to protects tomato against microbial decay.

Are farmers aware of first aid measures for their injuries-a survey in rural Karnataka, India

Background: Agriculture, being the main source of livelihood in most parts of the country, has some hidden dangers to the farmers which get them injured or ill. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted for 2 months among farmers aged >18 years of age residing in rural Mysuru. A purposive sampling technique was used and the data was collected from 150 farmers through house-to-house interviews using a pre-tested structured questionnaire. Results: The survey took account of the farmer's opinion on first aid procedures; a vast majority of the practices weren’t supported by any scientific evidence. Ineffective first-aid procedures could worsen the problem. Thus, the farmers should receive sufficient first aid training and education, enabling them to take appropriate action for themselves and their communities in an emergency. Conclusions: The survey took account of the farmer's opinion on first aid procedures; a vast majority of the practices weren’t supported by any scientific evidence. Ineffective first-aid procedures could worsen the problem. Thus, the farmers should receive sufficient first aid training and education, enabling them to take appropriate action for themselves and their communities in an emergency.

MATERNAL NEAR MISS: AN INDIAN TERTIARY CARE CENTRE AUDIT

BACKGROUND: Despite advances in medical sciences and increased awareness of measures for safe child birth, unacceptably high maternal morbidity and mortality continues in developing countries like India. Ours being a tertiary care centre, draws a lot number of high risk pregnancies and referrals. By auditing the near miss cases2 i.e., a critically ill pregnant or recently delivered woman who was on the verge of death but survived a problem during pregnancy, childbirth, or within 42 days of the pregnancy's termination, we aim to identify the causes, factors leading to near miss2 and the management given to near miss2 and maternal deaths. The AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: present study aims to determine the magnitude, as well as to identify the pattern of Maternal Near Miss2 (MNM), at Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, during the study period of two years. To anal OBJECTIVES: yse 1)Adverse events leading to a maternal near-miss2, 2) Disorders underlying these cases, 3)Sociodemographic factors and 4)Contributing factors A hospital based retros METHODOLOGY: pective observational study to assess the frequency and nature of maternal near miss2 events among the obstetric cases managed at Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada over a period of two years. The followi RESULTS: ng are the major causes identified leading to maternal near miss2 during our study Severe Eclampsia 17%, Post-partum Haemorrhage 17%, Pulmonary Edema due to severe pre eclampsia3 9%, Antepartum Eclampsia 9%, HELLP 9%, Ruptured ectopic pregnancy 7%, Cardiac failure 7%, Postpartum Eclampsia 7%, Imminent Eclampsia 4%, Abruption 4%, Rupture uterus 2%. In our study Maternal near miss2 ratio incidence: 0.0254, Severe maternal outcomes ratio : 3, Maternal near miss2 to mortality ratio: 0.433 CONCLUSION: We observed in majority of the cases level 1 and level 2 delays in reporting to our institution

FLEXIBLE VERSUS RIGID ESOPHAGOSCOPY IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ESOPHAGEAL FOREIGN BODY IMPACTION

Background: Foreign body(FB) impaction accounts for 4% of emergency endoscopies in clinical practice. Flexible endoscopy(FE) is a recommended therapeutic option because it can be performed under local anesthesia, it is cost effective and is well tolerated. Rigid endoscopy (RG) under general anesthesia is another option and is advantageous in some circumstances. The aim of the study is to compare ef?cacy and safety of ?exible and rigid esophagoscopy in esophageal foreign body removal. It is a prospective study done in E.N.T department in KIMS Methods: MEDICAL COLLEGE, Amalapuram, which includes 50 patients with impacted foreign body esophagus. Parameters like type of foreign body, location of impacted foreign body are included. The study analyzies the type of procedure the patient have undergone, the intra operative and post operative complications. This prospective cohort study includes 50 patients Results: who have undergone surgical procedure for removal of impacted foreign body. Flexible esophagoscopy is performed in 30 patients and rigid esophagoscopy is performed in 20 patients . The most frequent complications are mucosal erosion, mucosal edema, and ulceration. Flexible esophagoscopy and rigid esophagoscopy are equally safe and effective for Conclusion: removal of impacted esophageal foreign body

Clinicopathological analysis of nuclear protein in testis midline carcinoma / 中华病理学杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features, immunophenotype and prognosis of nuclear protein in testis (NUT) midline carcinoma. Methods: Twenty-four resection cases of NUT midline carcinoma diagnosed at the Department of Pathology, Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China from January 2018 to September 2022, were collected, and retrospectively analyzed for their clinicopathological characteristics. Relevant literature was reviewed. Results: All 24 cases of NUT midline carcinoma occurred in the chest or head and neck, including 14 men and 10 women, with a median age of 40 years. Histological examination showed that the tumors were poorly differentiated, with solid nested or sheet-like arrangement, small to medium-sized cells, sparse cytoplasm and coarse granular chromatin, including 5 cases with abrupt squamous epithelial differentiation. Immunohistochemistry showed that all 24 cases were positive for NUT protein, while 16 cases were p63 positive, 19 cases were p40 positive, 15 out of 18 cases were CK5/6 positive. Follow-up data were obtained for 21 patients (follow-up time range, 1-21 months), of which 11 survived, 10 died, and 3 were lost to follow-up. Conclusions: NUT midline carcinoma is a rare and highly aggressive malignancy with unique histological, immunophenotypic and molecular features. It has a poor prognosis.

Clinicopathological and molecular genetic characteristics of ELOC mutated renal cell carcinoma / 中华病理学杂志

Objective: To investigate the clinicopathological features, molecular genetic features, differential diagnosis and prognosis of ELOC mutated renal cell carcinoma. Methods: From January 2015 to June 2022, 11 cases of renal cell carcinoma with clear-cell morphology, expression of CAⅨ and CK7 and no 3p deletion were collected. Two cases of ELOC mutant renal cell carcinoma were diagnosed using whole exome sequencing (WES). The clinical features, morphology, immunophenotype, FISH and WES results were analyzed. The relevant literature was reviewed. Results: The two patients were both male, aged 29 and 51 years, respectively. They were both found to have a renal mass by physical examination. The maximum diameters of the tumors were 3.5 cm and 2.0 cm, respectively. At the low magnification, the tumors were well-defined. The tumor cells showed a pushing border and were separated by thick fibrous bands, forming nodules. The tumor cells were arranged in a variety of patterns, including tubular, papillary, solid nest or alveolar. At high magnification, the tumor cells were large, with well-defined cell borders and clear cytoplasm or fine eosinophilic granules. CAⅨ was diffusely box-like positive in both cases. Case 1 was partially and moderately positive for CK7, strongly positive for CD10, diffusely and moderately positive for P504S, and weakly positive for 34βE12. In case 2, CK7 and CD10 were both partially, moderately positive and P504s were diffusely positive, but 34βE12 was negative. FISH results showed that both cases had no 3p deletion. ELOC c.235T>A (p.Y79N) mutation was identified using WES in case 1, while ELOC c.236_237inv (p.Y79C) mutation was identified in case 2. Conclusions: As a new clinical entity, ELOC mutated renal cell carcinoma may be underdiagnosed due to its overlap with clear cell renal cell carcinoma in morphology and immunophenotype. The diagnosis of renal cell carcinoma with ELOC mutation should be confirmed by morphology, immunohistochemistry, FISH and gene mutation detection. However, more additional cases are needed to explain its biological behavior and prognosis.

HIV in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa threatens farm employment and food security

Introduction: Human immunodeficiency virus' (HIV's) threat to food security is highest in areas with high poverty levels. The OR Tambo district in the Eastern Cape province has the highest poverty rate in South Africa (80.4%); HIV prevalence is 11.4%. Objective: The purpose of the study was to describe the threat that HIV poses to farm employment and food security in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. Methods: A multi-method approach was used. The quantitative component was a cross-sectional design and the qualitative component was a narrative design. The study population comprised approximately 7 000 smallholder farmers from the five local municipalities in the OR Tambo district. Participants for both the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the study were selected using convenience sampling. Quantitative data were collected using questionnaires and qualitative data were collected from face-to-face interviews. Quantitative data were analysed using descriptive statistics and the chi-square test. Qualitative data were analysed using Tesch's eight-step procedure for thematic content analysis. Results: Five hundred and ninety-three farmers completed the questionnaire. Most agreed that HIV affects food security (n = 486, 72.0%), that HIV negatively affects food security (n = 454, 76.6%), that people living with HIV are excluded from farming activities (n = 426, 71.8%), and that HIV affects farming skills (n = 495, 83.5%). A significantly larger proportion of farmworkers older than 60 years than those who were younger perceived the threat to food security. Twenty participants described the effect of HIV on farm workers in interviews, and highlighted that HIV impacts farm skills and labour due to ill health and lost income from farming, which threatens food security. Conclusion: HIV threatens food security among smallholder farmers in the OR Tambo district due to farmworkers' diminished capacity to work and consequent reduced income, which affects their ability to secure food.

Occupational lung diseases in South African miners at autopsy: 2020 surveillance report

The Pathology Division at the National Institute for Occupational Health (NIOH) provides autopsy services for deceased workers who worked in controlled mines or works under the provisions of the South African Occupational Diseases in Mines and Works Act, 1973 (Act No. 78 of 1973). This report describes the ages, commodities, employment durations, and occupational cardio-respiratory diseases in miners whose organs were submitted for autopsies in 2019 and 2020. Data were exported from the PATHAUT database into STATA for analysis. Differences in the proportions of disease (expressed per 1 000) were calculated using the Pearson's chi-square test; significance was set at p ≤ 0.05. There were 759 and 557 records of deceased miners and ex-miners in 2019 and 2020, respectively. Pulmonary tuberculosis decreased from 192/1 000 in 2019 to 153/1 000 autopsies in 2020, and silicosis decreased from 246/1 000 to 223/1 000. However, neither decrease was significant. There was a significant increase in the rate of asbestosis from 50/1 000 in 2019 to 79/1 000 in 2020. Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), emphysema, and silicosis were the most frequent diseases, with high rates. There was a non-significant decrease in occupational respiratory disease rates in 2020 from 2019, but these remain higher than the rates seen in the early 1990s. The NIOH continues to conduct autopsy surveillance on miners to support compensation for families, and the development of policy and intervention programmes in the mining industry

Brain glucose hypometabolism and hippocampal inflammation in Goto-Kakizaki rats

Brain glucose hypometabolism and neuroinflammation are early pathogenic manifestations in neurological disorders. Neuroinflammation may also disrupt leptin signaling, an adipokine that centrally regulates appetite and energy balance by acting on the hypothalamus and exerting neuroprotection in the hippocampus. The Goto-Kakizaki (GK) rat is a non-obese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) animal model used to investigate diabetes-associated molecular mechanisms without obesity jeopardizing effects. Wistar and GK rats received the maintenance adult rodent diet. Also, an additional control group of Wistar rats received a high-fat and high-sugar diet (HFHS) provided by free consumption of condensed milk. All diets and water were provided ad libitum for eight weeks. Brain glucose uptake was evaluated by 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-D-glucose under basal (saline administration) or stimulated (CL316,243, a selective β3-AR agonist) conditions. The animals were fasted for 10-12 h, anesthetized, and euthanized. The brain was quickly dissected, and the hippocampal area was sectioned and stored at -80°C in different tubes for protein and RNA analyses on the same animal. GK rats exhibited attenuated brain glucose uptake compared to Wistar animals and the HFHS group under basal conditions. Also, the hippocampus of GK rats displayed upregulated leptin receptor, IL-1β, and IL-6 gene expression and IL-1β and the subunit of the transcription factor NF-κB (p-p65) protein expression. No significant alterations were detected in the hippocampus of HFHS rats. Our data indicated that a genetic predisposition to T2DM has significant brain deteriorating features, including brain glucose hypometabolism, neuroinflammation, and leptin signaling disruption in the hippocampal area.

Mycoviruses infecting Colletotrichum spp: A comprehensive review / Micoviroses em Colletotrichum spp: uma revisão abrangente

Abstract Colletotrichum is one of the most economically important fungal genera, which affects a wide range of hosts, specifically tropical and subtropical crops. Thus far, there have been several records of mycovirus infection in Colletotrichum spp., primarily by viruses of the Partitiviridae family. There have also been records of infections by mycoviruses of the Chrysoviridae family. Mycoviruses are (+)ssRNA and dsRNA genome viruses, which may or may not be enveloped. To date, no mycovirus with a DNA genome has been isolated from Colletotrichum spp. Typically, mycoviruses cause latent infections, although hypo- and hypervirulence have also been reported in Colletotrichum spp. In addition to its effects on pathogenic behavior, mycovirus infection can lead to important physiological changes, such as altered morphological characteristics, reduced vegetative growth, and suppressed conidia production. Therefore, research on mycoviruses infecting phytopathogenic fungi can help develop alternative methods to chemical control, which can cause irreversible damage to humans and the environment. From an agricultural perspective, mycoviruses can contribute to sustainable agriculture as biological control agents via changes in fungal physiology, ultimately resulting in the total loss of or reduction in the virulence of these pathogens.

Resumo Colletotrichum é um dos gêneros fúngicos mais importantes economicamente, afetando uma ampla gama de hospedeiros, especialmente em cultivos tropicais e subtropicais. Atualmente já existem diversos registros de infecção por micovírus em Colletotrichum spp., sendo a maioria dos já identificados classificados na família Partitiviridae. Ocorrem registros também de micovírus pertencentes à família Chrysoviridae. Compreendem vírus de genoma de (+)ssRNA e dsRNA que podem ser ou não envelopados. Ainda não foram identificados micovírus com genoma de DNA isolados de Colletotrichum. A infecção por micovírus pode ocorrer de forma latente, mas já foi observado em Colletotrichum spp. o fenômeno de hipo e hipervirulência. Além de influenciar no comportamento patogênico, a infecção pode causar mudanças fisiológicas importantes como alterações das características morfológicas, redução do crescimento vegetativo e redução na produção de conídios. O estudo com micovírus em fungos fitopatogênicos traz uma alternativa ao controle químico que é um método capaz de causar danos irreversíveis ao homem e o meio ambiente. Sob a perspectiva agrícola, os micovírus podem contribuir para agricultura sustentável como agentes de controle biológico. Isso porque obsevam-se mudanças importantes na fisiologia fúngica resultando na perda total ou redução da virulência desses patógenos.