RESUMO
@# 膀胱癌是泌尿系统器官中最常见的恶性肿瘤之一，其病因及发病机制尚不十分清楚，且其具有发病率高、恶性程度高 以及术后易复发等特点，因此对其病因、发生发展的具体分子机制的研究及阐明，将有力地促进膀胱癌的诊断及治疗。长链非编 码RNA（long non-coding RNA，lncRNA）是细胞中一类转录本长度超过200个核苷酸的非编码RNA分子， 占RNA总量的98%。 lncRNA具有与mRNA相似的结构，经过转录后加工，也具有polyA尾巴和启动子结构，但是由于序列中缺少开放阅读框，而不参 与或很少参与蛋白质编码。近年来，随着二代测序技术的广泛应用，越来越多的研究发现lncRNA在多个层面上参与细胞分化和 个体发育等重要生命活动过程的调控，并与人类的重大疾病尤其是肿瘤密切相关。相关的研究表明，lncRNA参与靶基因的表达 调控，在肿瘤的发生发展中发挥着重要的作用。本文对lncRNA在膀胱癌方面的最新研究进展进行了文献综述。
RESUMO
Purpose: The percutaneous renal access (PRA) is the most critical step of percutaneous renal surgery (PRS). For the training of PRA in the lab, a novel non-biological bench model was developed and set for validation test. Materials and Methods: Experts in PRS (> 60 cases) and novices were included to perform fluoroscopy guided PRA on the model. Overall time, X-ray exposure time and puncture attempts were recorded to establish construct validity. After accomplishment, the experts rated the model using a standardized questionnaire for face and content validity based on a 5-point Likert scale, with 1 denoting very bad and 5 as excellent. Baseline and post-training data of novices were analyzed for skill acquisition. Results: 9 experts and 30 novices were finally included. The overall appraisal was 4 by the experts, and consensus of all experts was reached for the model as an excellent training tool. Significant difference between experts and novices was detected with the experts using less total time 183.11 ± 29.40 vs. 278.00 ± 50.30 seconds (P < 0.001), shorter X-ray exposure time 109.22 ± 19.93 vs. 183.13 ± 38.83 seconds (P < 0.001), and fewer attempts 1.28 ± 0.44 vs. 2.35 ± 0.65 (P < 0.001). After training, the novices demonstrated significant skill improvement in total and fluoroscopy time, and number of attempts (P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our non-biological model provides a new method for PRA training. The face, content and construct validity were demonstrated. This model allows contact with PRA skills and could be applied to the first step in the learning curve. .