The functions of Th17/Treg cells and relevant studies on the treatment of periodontitis and atherosclerosis / 口腔疾病防治

@#Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease in which periodontal tissue loss is caused by dental plaque biofilm. Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease that occurs in the walls of arteries and is characterized by lipid accumulation. Recently, many studies have suggested that there is a certain relationship between periodontitis and atherosclerosis. From an epidemiological perspective, a previous literature review indicated that patients with periodontitis have a higher incidence of atherosclerosis. IL-17 secreted by Th17 cells may aggravate the progression of the two diseases by elevating the levels of matrix metalloproteinases, which may damage the connective tissue. Treg cells reduce the activation of T cells and limit the development of inflammation by secreting anti-inflammatory factors and expressing coinhibitory molecules. Periodontal intervention may contribute to the treatment of atherosclerosis by reducing inflammatory markers in atherosclerosis. Many studies have shown that periodontitis and atherosclerosis may interact with each other, but further studies are needed to explore the concrete mechanism of the interaction between periodontitis and atherosclerosis.

The role of B cell osteoimmunity in periodontitis / 口腔疾病防治

@#As the most important pathological feature of periodontitis, alveolar bone resorption also results in tooth loss and oral dysfunction. According to recent research, the host immune response is the major factor leading to alveolar bone resorption. Antibodies, immune cells and inflammatory cytokines involved in this procedure cause an imbalance of bone formation and destruction, which is called osteoimmunity. Given the importance of adaptive humoral immunity during periodontitis, B cells are considered crucial in the development of periodontitis. Therefore, establishing B cell osteoimmunity is an effective way for us to deeply assess the start, development and prognosis of periodontitis. It has been proven that the development process of B cells is accompanied by changes in bone density or morphology. We have reviewed previous literature to understand the role of B cell bone immunity in the pathological process of periodontitis, and the results showed that B cells regulate the development of bone cell lines through transcription factors (such as RANKL, PU.1, E2A, etc.). In addition, various cytokines expressed by B cells (such as IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, TGF-β, etc.) can participate in the regulation of bone cells.

Research progress on the mechanism of C-reactive protein mediated periodontitis and systemic diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#A large number of studies have confirmed that periodontitis is closely related to systemic multisystem diseases. Local inflammation of periodontal tissue may cause systemic inflammation. As an inflammatory factor, C-reactive protein (CRP) is widely used to monitor various inflammatory states. CRP is not only highly related to periodontitis but also closely related to systemic diseases. This article reviews the relationship between periodontitis and systemic disease epidemiology as well as the mechanism of CRP in the relationship between them. The literature review shows that periodontitis is closely related to cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, premature and low-birth-weight infants, chronic kidney disease, rheumatoid arthritis and other systemic diseases. Periodontitis, as a chronic inflammatory disease, can increase the level of serum CRP, thus increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease and affecting blood glucose control in diabetic patients, which may be related to the increased risk of premature delivery and low-birth-weight infants, may affect the development of chronic kidney disease, and may be used as one of the sensitive indicators of rheumatoid arthritis in the active stage. Through periodontal treatment, serum CRP levels can be reduced, which is helpful for the treatment of systemic diseases. CRP levels can be used as indicator for prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontitis and systemic diseases.

Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis: a case report and literature review / 口腔疾病防治

Objective @#To explore the etiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis and treatment of idiopathic gingival fibromatosis, and to provide references for clinical diagnosis and treatment.@*Methods @#The clinical data and related literatures of a case of idiopathicgingival fibroma that occurred in the oral cavity were retrospectively analyzed. @*Results @#Total periodontal treatment was performed for the patient, and the gingival morphology was improved after periodontal surgery in the anterior region. Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis is a rare disease characterized by gingival tissue hyperplasia. The etiology and pathogenesis are unknown. The disease can occur in young children. Generally, it occurs after the permanent teeth erupt, and it manifests as extensive gingival hyperplasia, which can affect the entire gingival margin, gingival papilla and attached gingival, and can even reach the membrane-gingival junction. The pathological changes include thickening of the spinous layer of the gingival epithelium, significant increases in the epithelial styloid process, increases in the connective tissue volume, and filling with large collagen fiber bundles and a large number of fibroblasts. The blood vessels are relatively small, and inflammation is not obvious. Clinically, this disease needs to be distinguished from drug-induced gingival hyperplasia and chronic gingivitis with hyperplasia as the main manifestation. At present, the treatment of idiopathic gingival fibromatosis is mainly gingival angioplasty. The disease easily relapses after surgery. The recurrence rate is related to the quality of oral hygiene. After recurrence, it can be treated again.@*Conclusion@# Idiopathic gingival fibromatosis is relatively rare, and the diagnosis mainly depends on the history of inquiry, clinical manifestations and pathological examination. The treatment is mainly surgical resection, and future research should focus on finding a more effective treatment.

Research progress on the common risk factors and related mechanisms of periodontitis and osteoporosis / 口腔疾病防治

@#Periodontitis is a chronic infectious disease of periodontal tissue caused by plaque biofilm. Osteoporosis is a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone density and the microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissues, which leads to increased bone fragility and risk of fracture. Recent studies have indicated that there is a certain relationship between periodontitis and osteoporosis. This paper reviews the epidemiology, shared risk factors, and potential mechanisms of mutual impact between the two diseases. A literature review shows that periodontitis and osteoporosis can affect each other, and the RANKL-RANK-OPG pathway as well as a variety of cytokines and hormones involved in bone remodeling and inflammation are involved in both diseases. Common risk factors for periodontitis and osteoporosis include aging, vitamin D and calcium deficiency, and smoking, but further research is needed to determine the specific mechanism of interaction between periodontitis and osteoporosis.

Advances in epigenetic changes induced by pathogenic factors of oral diseases / 口腔疾病防治

@#The oral cavity is a complex and complete ecosystem. In addition to the microbial community, anatomical structure, temperature, humidity, pH, nutrient sources, proteases, and external factors all influence the ecosystem. Under normal circumstances, this ecosystem maintains a dynamic balance with the host. However, due to the large number of influencing factors, this dynamic balance is fragile. Abnormal changes in a certain factor can disrupt this balance and cause oral cavity disease. Increasing studies have confirmed the role of genetic factors in the etiology of oral diseases. With the understanding of the pathogenesis of oral diseases, the pathogenic factors induced by oral diseases have attracted more attention. This article reviews the key role of epigenetic changes induced by pathogenic factors, such as bacteria, viruses, and cytokines, in the pathogenesis of oral diseases and contributes to the development and application of related drugs.

A systematic analysis of the correlation between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis / 口腔疾病防治

@#The local inflammatory response of the periodontium is a possible mechanism for systemic inflammation and the spread of infection. Both rheumatoid arthritis and periodontal disease are chronic inflammatory diseases. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease, and periodontitis has an infectious etiology with a complex inflammatory response; their clinical features involve the destruction of connective tissue and bone tissue. Genetic factors control the host response to the two diseases; host susceptibility and behavioral risk factors such as smoking play an important role in the development of periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis. In this paper, certain aspects of their correlation, including their characteristics in epidemiology, bacterial infection, and inflammatory cytokines and genes, are reviewed.