Clinical study of sexually transmitted viral infections in HIV seropositive patients

Human immunodeficiency virus disease (HIV) and sexually transmitted viral infections (STIs) are important cause of increasing morbidity and mortality in sexually active individuals, In our study we the incidence, age, sex distribution, risk factors and prevalence of viral STIs among HIV positive and negative patients who attended the tertiary care hospital and study we found that Herpes Genitalis to be the most common viral infection in HIV seropositive patients. Condylomaaccuminata are second most common viral infection in seropositive HIV patients. Social factors, lack of awareness, multiple sexual partners, poverty also contributed to the spread of HIV. HPV vaccine-based prevention and education programs need to be implemented in this high-risk community and centres providing voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) services for HIV. Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease and sexually transmitted viral infections (STIs) are important cause of increasing morbidity and mortality in sexually active individuals. Patients suffering with viral STI are more vulnerable to acquire HIV infection in comparison with individuals without STI. HIV-seropositive patients are more vulnerable to acquire viral STI in comparison with HIVseronegative patients. Objectives of the Study To study the incidence, age, sex distribution, risk factors and prevalence of viral STI among HIV-positive and negative patients who attended the tertiary-care hospital. Materials and Methods This is a prospective and descriptive study conducted in STI clinic, Andhra Medical College, Department of Dermatology Venereology and Leprosy, King George Hospital, Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, for a period of 1 year from February 2017 to January 2018. The study includes 150 HIV-seropositive patients suffering with viral STI like genital herpes, molluscum contagiosum, genital warts, viral hepatitis and 150 HIV-seronegative patients. Results In our observation of 150 HIV-seropositive patients, herpes genitalis 57 cases (38%) was found to be the most common viral STI followed by condyloma accuminata 34 cases (22.7%). The most common age group involved was 20–29 years 68 cases (45.4%) with males most commonly effected 108 (72%) than females 42 (28%). Social factors like illiteracy, multiple sex partners and unprotected sex contributed to the risk of viral STI and HIV. Conclusion In our study, we found that herpes genitalis to be the most common viral infection in HIV-seropositive patients. Warts are second most common viral infection in seropositive HIV patients. Social factors, lack of awareness, multiple sexual practises, poverty also contribute to the spread of HIV.

Studies of some biochemical changes in the tissues of Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton) exposed to NH3-N, NO2-N and NO3-N.

Biochemical changes, total proteins, glycogen, aspartate and alanine (AAT and ALAT) amino transferases were studied with exposure of sublethal concentrations of NH3-N, NO2-N and NO3-N to the freshwater fish Catla catla (Hamilton), Labeo rohita (Hamilton) and Cirrhinus mrigala (Hamilton). Depletion in the food reserves and enzyme activity was observed in all the three fish species exposed to these toxicants. Hence, the concentrations of NH3, NO2 and NO3 in water need to be monitored in water quality in aquaculture practices.

The toxicity of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate to the fish, Catla catla (Hamilton).

The acute toxicity of unionized ammonia; nitrite and nitrate to the Indian major carp Catla catla (Hamilton) was determined using static and continuous flow through systems for 24 hours. The median lethal concentration (LC50) values for 24 h of ammonia (NH3-N), nitrite (NO2-N) and nitrate (NO3-N) were 0.045 mg/l, 120.84 mg/l and 1565.43 mg/l in static test respectively and were 0.036 mg/l, 117.43 mg/l and 1484.08 mg/l in continuous flow through test respectively.