RESUMO
Background: Alzheimer disease is a neurodegenerative condition that affects cognitive, behavioral and global functioning of patients. Currently and due to the lack of conclusive biological testing, Alzheimer's disease diagnosis is based primarily on clinical criteria. Since its early diagnosis allows clinical interventions when neurological damage is relatively mild, the development of early detection tools has become a major topic of interest. In this article, we review the main neuro-biological and neuropsychological features of Alzheimer's disease, analyzing the use of biomarkers and neuropsychological testing for early detection.
Assuntos
Humanos , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Biomarcadores/líquido cefalorraquidiano , Diagnóstico Precoce , Testes Neuropsicológicos , Sensibilidade e EspecificidadeRESUMO
Introduction: Hypnosis consists in a load of consciousness phenomena whose historical development is saturated of controversies and misunderstandings. Nevertheless, the Society of Psychological Hypnosis have achieved to reach a consensus for an academic definition. Development: In respect to it historical development, hypnosis have oriented through varied stages, in function of the theories that were set out to explain it. Between them we find the animal magnetism, the theory of neurosis and the theory of suggestion. However, it scientific exploration was scant until the end of nineteenth-century. Without a doubt, the course of the XX Century marked definitely the Entrance of hypnosis to the experimental psychology laboratories and to the massive use in clinical psychology. Nowdays exists extended empirical evidence in respect to its neurobiological correlates and efficacy in clinical psychology. Besides, exists therapeutic models, as Yapkos, which attach hypnosis as a tool for the integrative treatment for unipolar depression. Conclusions: Nevertheless the controversies that have caused the popularization and masification of hypnosis, it have manage to come in the topics of interest of neurophysiology, cognitive neuroscience, medical science and clinical psychology. However, scientifics suggest that hypnosis research is still poor. Between the varied integrative psychotherapeutic models the attach hypnosis as a tool we find Yapkos model for treatment for unipolar depression
Introducción: La hipnosis consiste en un cúmulo de fenómenos de la conciencia cuyo desarrollo histórico se encuentra saturado de controversias y malos entendidos. No obstante, la Sociedad de Hipnosis Psicológica ha logrado consensuar una definición académica. Desarrollo: Respecto a su desarrollo histórico, la hipnosis se ha encaminado por diversas etapas, en función de las teorías que se plantearon para explicarla. Entre ellas encontramos el magnetismo animal, la teoría de la neurosis y la teoría de la sugestión. Sin embargo, su exploración científica fue escasa hasta finales de los tiempos decimonónicos. Sin duda el transcurso del siglo XX marcó definitivamente el ingreso de la hipnosis a los laboratorios de psicología experimental y a su uso masivo en la clínica psicológica. Actualmente se cuenta con amplia evidencia empírica respecto de sus correlatos neurobiológicos y eficacia en clínica psicológica. Además existen modelos terapéuticos, como el de Yapko, que la utilizan como coadyuvante para el tratamiento de la depresión unipolar. Conclusiones. No obstante las controversias que ha suscitado la popularización y masificación de la hipnosis, ésta ha logrado introducirse en los temas de interés de la neurofisiología, neurociencia cognitiva, ciencia médica y psicología clínica. Sin embargo, los investigadores sugieren que la investigación de la hipnosis aún es escasa. Entre los diversos modelos psicoterapéuticos integrativos que adjuntan hipnosis como coadyuvante encontramos el modelo de Yapko para tratar la depresión unipolar