"Tus pies te llaman": Impacto de una intervención para mejorar autocuidado de pies en diabetes / "Your feet call you": Impact of an intervention to improve self-care of feet in diabetes

Resumen Objetivo: Evaluar el impacto de una intervención educativa individualizada en los conocimientos, autocuidado de los pies, control glucémico, riesgo de ulceración e incidencia de úlceras en pacientes con diabetes tipo 2. Material y Métodos: Estudio de intervención realizado en 65 pacientes ambulatorios, mayores de 35 años, con diabetes tipo 2, distribuidos aleatoriamente en dos grupos: grupo control (35) quien recibió un manual de cuidado de los pies, y grupo intervención (30) quien recibió la intervención, un kit de cuidado de los pies y un manual. El seguimiento se realizó a los tres y seis meses después de la intervención. El análisis estadístico incluyó la prueba de Chi-cuadrado, prueba de Wilcoxon y prueba ANOVA de mediciones repetidas. Resultados: La intervención mejoró los conocimientos y el autocuidado de pies en el grupo de intervención, con diferencias significativas entre grupos (p=.001), pero no mejoró el control glucémico ni el riesgo de ulceración. Conclusiones: El programa "tus pies te llaman" fue efectivo parcialmente, este estudio puede ser replicado en instituciones de primer nivel de forma ordinaria para mejorar el autocuidado y prevenir la ulceración del pie a mediano plazo.

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the impact of an individualized educational intervention on knowledge, self-care of the feet, glycemic control, risk of ulceration and incidence of ulcers in patients with type 2 diabetes. Material and Methods: The intervention study, was carried out on 65 outpatients, over 35 years of age, with type 2 diabetes, patients were randomly distributed into two groups: the control group (35), who received a manual on foot care, and the intervention group (30), who received the intervention, a foot care kit, and manual. Follow-up was done at three and six months after the intervention. Statistical analysis included the Chi-square test, Wilcoxon test and the ANOVA test of repeated measures. Results: The intervention improved knowledge and foot self-care in the intervention group with significant differences between groups (p=.001), but not the glycemic control or the ulceration risk. Conclusions: The program "Your Feet Call You" was partially effective, and this study can be ordinarily replicated in first-level institutions to improve self-care and prevent foot ulceration in the medium term.

Histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen independent prostate cancer tumors: evaluation in a mouse model

ABSTRACT Meclofenamic acid is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that has shown therapeutic potential for different types of cancers, including androgen-independent prostate neoplasms. The antitumor effect of diverse nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs has been shown to be accompanied by histological and molecular changes that are responsible for this beneficial effect. The objective of the present work was to analyze the histological changes caused by meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Tumors were created in a nude mouse model using PC3 cancerous human cells. Meclofenamic acid (10 mg/kg/day; experimental group, n=5) or saline solution (control group, n=5) was administered intraperitoneally for twenty days. Histological analysis was then carried out on the tumors, describing changes in the cellular architecture, fibrosis, and quantification of cellular proliferation and tumor vasculature. Meclofenamic acid causes histological changes that indicate less tumor aggression (less hypercellularity, fewer atypical mitoses, and fewer nuclear polymorphisms), an increase in fibrosis, and reduced cellular proliferation and tumor vascularity. Further studies are needed to evaluate the molecular changes that cause the beneficial and therapeutic effects of meclofenamic acid in androgen-independent prostate cancer.

Las enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles en México: sinopsis epidemiológica y prevención integral / Chronic non-communicable diseases in Mexico: epidemiologic synopsis and integral prevention

El gobierno federal desarrolla acciones para reducir la mortalidad por las "enfermedades crónicas no transmisibles" (ECNT). Una de ellas es la creación de unidades médicas de especialidad (Uneme) diseñadas para el tratamiento especializado de las ECNT (sobrepeso, obesidad, riesgo cardiovascular y diabetes). La intervención se basa en la participación de un grupo multidisciplinario entrenado ex profeso, la educación del paciente sobre su salud, la incorporación de la familia al tratamiento y la resolución de las condiciones que limitan la observancia de las recomendaciones. El tratamiento está indicado con base en protocolos estandarizados. La eficacia de la intervención se evalúa en forma sistemática mediante indicadores cuantitativos predefinidos. Se espera que las Uneme resulten en ahorros para el sistema de salud. En suma, este último desarrolla mejores medidas de control para las ECNT. La evaluación del desempeño de las Uneme generará información para planear acciones preventivas futuras.

The federal government has implemented several strategies to reduce mortality caused by chronic non-communicable diseases (CNTD). One example is the development of medical units specialized in the care of CNTD (i.e. overweight, obesity, cardiovascular risk and diabetes), named UNEMES (from its Spanish initials). These units -consisting of an ad-hoc, trained, multi-disciplinary team- will provide patient education, help in the resolution of obstacles limiting treatment adherence, and involve the family in patient care. Treatment will be provided using standardized protocols. The efficacy of the intervention will be regularly measured using pre-specified outcomes. We expect that these UNEMES will result in significant savings. In summary, our health care system is developing better treatment strategies for CNTD. Evaluating the performance of the UNEMES will generate valuable information for the design of future preventive actions.

Morbilidad y mortalidad de la enfermedad isquémica del corazón y cerebrovascular en México, 2005 / Morbidity and mortality by ischemic heart disease and stroke in Mexico. 2005

Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death and disability in México. 25% of deaths under 60 years of age are related to chronic degenerative diseases. These disorders are more common in developing countries and are caused by an excessive intake of fatty acids, sodium, alcohol, tobacco consumption and decrease in physical activity. The prevalence of risk factors is increasing not only in adult population but also in youth and children. Data from the Department of Epidemiology from the Mexican Ministry of Health in the period between 1998 and 2000 showed that the death caused by coronary artery disease was more frequent in men (55%) than women (45%) and acute coronary syndrome was responsible for deaths in 83.5% of men and 76.8% in women. Primary Prevention Programs are necessary to decrease the impact of cardiovascular diseases.

Re-encuesta Nacional de Hipertensión Arterial (RENAHTA): Consolidación Mexicana de los Factores de Riesgo Cardiovascular. Cohorte Nacional de Seguimiento / National Re-survey of Arterial Hypertension (RENAHTA). Mexican consolidation of the cardiovascular risk factors. National Follow-up Cohort

Propósito: A través de una Re-encuesta Nacional sobre Hipertensión Arterial Sistémica (HTAS) y Factores de Riesgo Cardiovascular, en población adulta con HTAS identificada en encuestas nacionales de salud del año 2000; Determinar: 1) Las tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. 2) La incidencia e interrelación en el tiempo con otros factores de riesgo, tales como Obesidad, Dislipidemia, Diabetes y Tabaquismo. 3) Los principales factores de riesgo asociados a HTAS que influencian la aparición de complicaciones, necesidad y numero de días de hospitalización. 4) El grado de adherencia y tipo de medicación usada por el paciente hipertenso. Métodos: La Re-encuesta Nacional de Hipertensión (RENAHTA) fue realizada en el periodo 2003-2004. La encuesta es tipo III del método paso a paso descrito por la OMS. La población estudiada correspondió en su mayoría (73%) a individuos detectados en encuestas nacionales previas. El muestreo fue ponderado a priori tomando en cuenta una prevalencia nacional promedio de HTAS de 30.05% y su correspondiente para cada estado de la República. Error máximo permisible en la estimación = 0.28, Efecto de diseño = 4.5; y, Tasa de respuesta esperada (0.70). Resultados: De 14 567 como muestra inicial, 1165 (8%) sujetos fueron considerados como no hipertensos o falsos positivos en el año 2000. De los 13,402 pacientes restantes se informaron 335 muertes ocurridas en los primeros 2 años de seguimiento (2000-2002), lo que implicó una mortalidad anual de ˜1.15% en la población hipertensa. Así, 13,067 sobrevivientes, fueron sujetos a análisis. La edad al momento de la re-encuesta fue 45.6 ± 12.6. El (40.5%) fueron hombres (n=5,295), hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa en la talla, pero no en el peso entre ambos géneros. El control de la HTAS subió de 14.6% en el 2000 a 19.2% en el 2004. Se duplicó la cifra de diabéticos de 16% a 30% (p < .001). El 54% de la población estudiada requirió de hospitalización al menos ...

Objective: Based on a National Re-survey on Hypertension (HTA) and other cardiovascular risk factors performed in Mexico during 2003 and 2004 in the adult population with HTA, as identified in the 2000 National Survey of Health, this study was planed to determine: 1) morbidity and mortality rates; 2) the incidence and interrelation with other risk factors, such as overweight, obesity, dyslipidemia, nephropathy and diabetes; 3) the main risk factors associated to HTA involved in its complications, need for hospitalization and number of days; and, 4) the degree of therapeutical adhesion and the type of antihypertensive drugs used. Methods: The survey was of type III using the step by step method described by WHO. Sampling was weighed a priori taking into account a national prevalence average of HTA of 30.05% and its corresponding rate for each federal state. Permissible maximum error in the estimation = 0.28. Effect of design = 4.5; and, Rate of awaited answer (0.70). Results: From the initial 14,567 interviewed patients, 1,165 (8%) subjects were considered non-hypertensive or false positives at the 2000 survey. From the 13,402 remaining patients, 335 died during the first 2 years of pursuit, which implies an annual mortality of ˜1.15% in the hypertensive population. Thus, 13,067 survivors were subjected to the final analysis. The mean age at the re-survey was 45.6 ± 12.6; 40.5% were men (n = 5,295). There was a statistically significant difference in height, but not in weight between both genders. The control HTAwas raised 14.6% in the year 2000 and 19.2% in 2004. The prevalence of diabetes was duplicated from 16% to 30% (< .001). Fifty four percent of the whole population required hospitalization at least once during the period of study. The rates of overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia rose significantly (p < 0.05) independently from age, federal state, and gender. Conclusion: RENAHTA shows the impact of hypertension on the morbidity and mortality during the 3.1 ± 1.5 years of follow-up in Mexico. It alerts us on the need to reinforce the strategies of attention and prevention of this crucial risk factor and of screening the dynamic nonlinear interaction between the main cardiovascular risk factors in Mexico. New hypotheses are proposed forthe metabolic syndrome.

Grupos de Ayuda Mutua: Estrategia para el control de diabetes e hipertensión arterial / Mutual Help Groups: Diabetes and Hypertension Control Strategy

Objetivo: Evaluar el cumplimiento de las metas básicas de tratamiento de personas que asisten a los Grupos de Ayuda Mutua (GAM) de la Secretaría de Salud de México (SS), por padecer diabetes tipo 2. Material y métodos: Estudio transversal comparativo realizado en 15 estados de la república mexicana, a través de los reportes del cumplimiento de las metas básicas de tratamiento de integrantes de los GAM para junio de 2001, que se comparan con las cifras reportadas por el Sistema de Información en Salud para Población Abierta (SISPA) de la Secretaría de Salud en la misma fecha. Las variables estudiadas son: edad, sexo, glucemia, presión arterial, índice de masa corporal, actividad física y tratamiento farmacológico. Resultados: Se evaluó el cumplimiento de las metas básicas de tratamiento de 6,958 personas con diabetes, que asisten a los GAM de la Secretaría de Salud (SS) en 15 de los 32 estados de la república mexicana incluido el Distrito Federal. Al comparar las frecuencias de diabéticos controlados en los GAM y el SISPA, se apreció un diferencial, observándose una tendencia a estar más controlados en los GAM; al analizar con la prueba "t" de Student las diferencias resultaron significativas, con p < 0.005. El grupo de diabéticos obesos tuvieron un riesgo mayor de estar descontrolados, en relación al grupo de diabéticos no obesos, con una razón de momios de 1.18, IC 1.06 - 1.32 y P < 0.002. Al comparar el grupo sedentario con el no sedentario se encontró que los diabéticos sedentarios presentaban 1.56 veces más riesgo de estar descontrolados que el grupo de diabéticos que realizaba actividad física, por una razón de productos cruzados de 1.56, con IC 1.37 - 1.78 y P < 0.001. Conclusiones: Los Grupos de Ayuda Mutua son una estrategia fundamental en la línea educativa para mejorar el control de la enfermedad, ya que las personas con diabetes o hipertensión y sus familiares juegan un papel activo en el cumplimiento del desarrollo del tratamiento, así como en la prevención y control de la enfermedad. A diferencia con lo reportado en el SISPA, en los GAM se logran beneficios mayores en el control de las personas con diabetes o hipertensión.

Objective: To evaluate the accomplishment of the treatment basic goals of every person with diabetes type 2 that attend the Mutual Help Groups (GAM) of the Mexican Ministry of Health (SS). Material and methods: This transversal comparative study was carried out in 15 Mexican states, through the accomplishment reports of the treatment basic goals of the GAM integrants by June of 2001, compared to the reported figures by the Health Information System for Open Population (SISPA), Ministry of Health on the same date. The studied variables are: age, sex, blood glucose, blood pressure, body mass index, physical activity and pharmacological treatment. Results: The treatment basic goals accomplishment for 6, 958 people with diabetes was evaluated, all of them attended the Ministry of Health GAMs, in 15 of the 32 Mexican states including the Federal District. When comparing frequencies of patients with diabetes controlled by the GAM and the SISPA, a differential was appreciated, being observed a tendency that showed that people in the GAM were much more controlled; when analyzing with the test Student "t" the differences were even more significant (p < 0.005). The obese diabetics group had a higher risk of being uncontrolled, in relation to the group of non-obese diabetics (OR 1.8, CI: 1.06,1.32; p < 0.002). When comparing the sedentary to the non-sedentary group it was found that the sedentary diabetics presented 1.56 times higher risk of being uncontrolled, that those in the diabetes group that carried out physical activity (CI: 1.37,1.78; p < 0.001). Conclusions: The Mutual Help Groups are a fundamental strategy in the educational line for improving the disease control, since people with diabetes or hypertension and their relatives play an active role in treatment development accomplishment, as well as in the disease prevention and control. Unlike to that reported in the SISPA, the highest benefits of control, are achieved in people with diabetes or hypertension who attend the GAM.