RESUMO
An investigation was carried out into the genetic mechanisms responsible for multidrug resistance in nine carbapenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosaisolates from different hospitals in Recife, Brazil. Susceptibility to antimicrobial agents was determined by broth microdilution. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed to detect the presence of genes encoding β-lactamases, aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes (AMEs), 16S rRNA methylases, integron-related genes and OprD. Expression of genes coding for efflux pumps and AmpC cephalosporinase were assessed by quantitative PCR. The outer membrane proteins were separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The blaSPM-1, blaKPC-2 and blaGES-1 genes were detected in P. aeruginosaisolates in addition to different AME genes. The loss of OprD in nine isolates was mainly due to frameshift mutations, premature stop codons and point mutations. An association of loss of OprD with the overexpression of MexAB-OprM and MexXY-OprM was observed in most isolates. Hyper-production of AmpC was also observed in three isolates. Clonal relationship of the isolates was determined by repetitive element palindromic-PCR and multilocus sequence typing. Our results show that the loss of OprD along with overexpression of efflux pumps and β-lactamase production were responsible for the multidrug resistance in the isolates analysed.
Assuntos
Humanos , Carbapenêmicos/metabolismo , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Mutação , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/efeitos dos fármacos , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/genética , Resistência beta-Lactâmica/genética , beta-Lactamases/metabolismo , Aminoglicosídeos/metabolismo , Anfotericina B/análogos & derivados , Anfotericina B/metabolismo , Antifúngicos/metabolismo , Brasil , Cefalosporinase/classificação , Cefalosporinase/metabolismo , Códon sem Sentido/metabolismo , Ativação Enzimática/genética , Mutação da Fase de Leitura/genética , Regulação Bacteriana da Expressão Gênica/genética , Proteínas de Membrana Transportadoras/metabolismo , Metiltransferases/metabolismo , Nucleotidiltransferases/metabolismo , Mutação Puntual/genética , Porinas/metabolismo , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/enzimologia , Pseudomonas aeruginosa/isolamento & purificação , Sequências Repetitivas de Ácido Nucleico , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
En Argentina la carrera de Psicología fue descalificada durante los gobiernos militares, principalmente de 1976 al 1983, siendo cerrada la Facultad Filosofía y Letras donde se desarrollaban los estudios de la Licenciatura en Psicología, siendo el ejercicio de psicólogo reducido al de administrador de test, a raíz de la ley 17132 sancionada bajo el gobierno de Onganía. Fue en el gobierno de Alfonsín donde se llevó a revisión el ejercicio del psicólogo clínico, otorgándole la exclusividad conjuntamente con los médicos y médicos psiquiatras del ejercicio de la psicoterapia. Se ha observado y que constituye la base de esta investigación- que el psicólogo no cuelga su diploma, dando lugar, entonces, a que otras profesiones ejerzan ilegalmente la psicología clínica. Una muestra de 700 psicólogos fueron encuestados con resultados significativos. El 31% cuelga su diploma en el consultorio, mientras que un 69% no le resulta importante exhibir su título.
In Argentina the Psychology course was disqualified during the military governments, mainly from 1976 to 1983, being closed School Arts where studies of psychology degree developed, being the exercise psychologist reduced to Administrator test, to 17132 following the law enacted under President Onganía. It was in the Alfonsin government where the exercise of the clinical psychologist was review, granting exclusivity together with medical doctors and psychiatrists in psychotherapy. It has been observed, and which has formed the basis of this research is that the psychologist does not hang his diploma, leading then to other professions illegally exercising clinical psychology. A sample of 700 psychologists were surveyed with significant results. 31% diploma hangs in the office, while 69% will not display your title is important.
RESUMO
Foram empregados 30 ratos, machos, linhagem Wistar. Implantou-se sob a pele segmentos de 3cm de comprimento de "linha de pesca" mantida em formalina, "linha de pesca" autoclavada uma vez, "linha de pesca" autoclavada duas vezes e fio de náilon cirúrgico. Cada animal recebeu dois tipos de material de sutura, em locais paralelos e eqüidistantes da coluna vertebral. Foram sacrificados com cinco, 15 e 90 dias de pós-operatório para que se procedesse o exame histopatológico. Pelo grau de reaçäo tecidual pode-se concluir que: a maior reaçäo ocorreu com a "linha de pesca" mantida em formalina e a menor com o fio de náilon cirúrgico; as "linhas de pesca" autoclavadas uma e duas vezes se comportaram de forma semelhante e apresentaram uma reaçäo intermediária.